Overview of Niobium Resources and Progress in Mineral Processing Technology in China
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摘要:
我国铌矿资源储量丰富，但矿石品位低，且共伴生有多种有价金属，可供经济开采的铌矿资源稀缺，对外依存度超过90%。分析了全球铌资源概况及供需关系，简要阐述了铌的性质、用途、分布特征以及矿床类型，归纳总结了重选工艺、磁选工艺、浮选工艺、焙烧—浸出工艺以及联合工艺等铌矿选矿工艺研究进展，并对其进行了对比分析。最后，展望了选铌工艺的研究方向，并提出了保障我国铌资源稳定供应的对策。
Abstract:Abundant niobium ore resources are found in China, but they are often characterized by low ore grades and associations with various valuable metals. Economically viable niobium ore resources are considered scarce, and niobium's external dependence in the country exceeds 90%. An analysis of the global niobium resource overview and supply−demand relationships was undertaken. The nature, applications, distribution characteristics, and deposit types of niobium were briefly expounded upon. The progress in niobium ore beneficiation processes, including gravity separation, magnetic separation, flotation, roasting−leaching, and combined processes, was summarized with comparative analysis. Lastly, future research directions in niobium ore processing were outlined, along with strategies for ensuring a stable supply of niobium resources in China.
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Key words:
- niobium /
- gravity separation /
- magnetic separation /
- process
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表 1 常见主要铌矿物
Table 1. Main mineral of common niobium ores
矿物名称 化学式 Nb2O5含量/% 成因产状 铌铁矿 (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 78.72 组成花岗伟晶岩的一种副矿物，碳酸岩中很少见，砂矿中的一种碎屑矿物 钽铁矿 (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 2～40 花岗伟晶岩形成初期的成分，一种附属矿物 烧绿石 (Na,Ca)2Nb2O6(O,OH,F) 75.12 产于基性岩、伟晶岩或碳酸岩中 易解石 (Ce,Th)(Ti,Nb)2O6 23.8～32.5 主要产于碱性岩及与碱性岩有关的矿床中 重钽铁矿 (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 1.33 产于花岗伟晶岩中的罕见钽矿物 钽锰矿 (Ta,Nb,Sn,Mn,Fe)4O8 8.30 花岗伟晶岩的主要组分，也发现于冲击矿床碎屑中 锡锰钽矿 (Ta,Nb,Sn,Mn,Fe)O2 8.37 只发现于花岗伟晶岩中，矿物形成条件狭窄 褐钇铌矿 Y(Nb,Ta)O4 33.64～47 产于花岗岩、花岗伟晶岩中 铈铌钙钛矿 (Ce,La,Na,Ca,Sr)(Ti,Nb)O3 16.15 产于碱性岩及伟晶岩中 钠铌矿 NaNbO3 81.09 产于碱性岩与碳酸岩的接触带 黑稀金矿 (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6 47.43 产于花岗伟晶岩中 铌铁金红石 Fex(Nb,Ta)2x4Ti1−xO2 27.9 常产于花岗伟晶岩、正长伟晶岩和碳酸岩中 数据来源：英国地质调查局（BGS），2011。 
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表 2 2022年世界各国铌矿储量及产量
Table 2. World niobium ore reserves and production in 2022
国家 储量/t 储量占比/% 产量/t 产量占比/% 巴西 16 000 000 89.84 71 000 89.93 加拿大 1 600 000 8.98 6 500 8.23 美国 210 000 1.18 — — 刚果（金） — — 600 0.76 俄罗斯 — — 450 0.57 卢旺达 — — 210 0.27 其他国家 — — 190 0.24 合计 17 810 000 100.00 78 950 100.00 注：数据来源于美国地质调查局(USGS)，2023。
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表 3 2022年我国铌钽矿资源储量
Table 3. Proven resources of niobium-tantalum ore in China from 2022
地区 铌钽矿及铌钽氧化物/t 存量占比/% 2021年 2022年 2021年 2022年 内蒙古 245 608.08 230 414.99 79.38 78.76 江西 39 986.50 39 420.89 12.92 13.48 四川 10 332.04 12 713.96 3.34 4.35 广西 7 472.57 7 472.57 2.41 2.55 湖南 2 372.70 614.60 0.77 0.21 福建 1 537.45 255.48 0.49 0.09 云南 980.65 1 083.79 0.32 0.37 广东 615.28 0.00 0.20 0.00 河南 312.92 312.92 0.10 0.11 新疆 208.70 251.38 0.07 0.08 全国 309 426.89 292 540.58 100.00 100.00 数据来源：自然资源部数据库，全国矿产资源储量统计表（公开），2023。
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表 4 各种选铌工艺对比分析[39]
Table 4. Comparative analysis of various niobium mineral processes
选矿方法 工艺 优缺点 重选 粒度粗可采用跳汰机、螺旋选矿机或旋转螺旋粗选，粗精矿进入摇床精选；粒度细可采用螺旋溜槽或摇床粗选，粗精矿用皮带溜槽和矿泥摇床进行精选 优点：相较于其他方法投资少，成本低。
缺点：（1）磨矿阶段过磨，矿物粒度变细影响选别。
（2）摇床时，物料会出现分级，解离矿物无法完全回收。
（3）对于矿泥的选别效率低。
（4）选别过程产生的微细颗粒及溢流矿泥流失会
导致铌的损失磁选 钽铌矿、铌铁矿、铌铁金红石、电气石等含铌矿物
具有磁性，比磁化系数因其含铁量不同而变化，
在不同磁场强度下，分离矿物优点：（1）可高效分离比磁化系数差异较大的铌矿物及脉石矿物。
（2）可对矿物预先分选，实现金属铌的富集。
缺点：工艺单一，对于非磁性矿物缺乏选别效果浮选 添加捕收剂可选择性地改变矿物的疏水性，
添加铌矿物的活化剂和脉石矿物的抑制剂来
提高可浮性优点：浮重联合处理矿泥效果好，可有效减少精矿在矿泥中的损失。
缺点：浮选的选别指标高，对药剂要求高、消耗大，生产成本高碱性焙烧—浸出 用碱辅助焙烧，以氢氟酸、硫酸、盐酸等无机酸或
某些有机酸作为浸出剂，对含铌矿物
酸法浸出优点：（1）酸法浸出的高浸出率，可高效提取铌。
（2）酸浸液可以循环利用，一定程度上减少对环境的污染。
缺点：（1）酸浸产生的酸废液有毒有害，会造成环境污染，危害人体健康。（2）后续的酸浸出液难以清洁高效地回收处理联合工艺 采用重磁浮等选矿工艺及冶金工艺联合选别 优点：可实现多金属矿的资源综合利用，将矿产资源吃干榨尽。
缺点：工艺流程复杂，需要较大的资金支持
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