Development Status and Prospects of Coal Based Solid Waste Filling Materials and Filling Mining Technology
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摘要:
煤基固废是主要的工业废弃物，其规模化处置利用对于煤炭行业可持续发展和矿区生态环境保护具有重要现实意义。充填开采作为兼具煤基固废井下处置和“三下”压煤回收的绿色开采方式，20多年来得到了快速发展和应用，形成了以固体和膏体为主要充填材料形式、以综采充填和连采充填为主要工艺的技术体系。梳理了以煤矸石和粉煤灰为代表的煤基固废充填开采的技术特点和分类，煤矸石、粉煤灰、炉渣、气化渣、脱硫石膏等固废的基本物理化学性质表明，煤基固废具有作为充填材料的可行性，分别总结了矸石固体和膏体充填材料的压缩特性，分析了连采连充与综采充填两种主要充填开采工艺的特点，在拓宽煤基固废充填材料范围、提高充填开采生产能力、降低充填成本等方面进行了展望，以期为煤基固废充填开采未来发展提供思路。
Abstract:Coal based solid waste is one of the major industrial wastes, and its large−scale disposal and utilization are of great practical significance for the sustainable development of the coal industry and the protection of the ecological environment in mining areas. As a green mining method that combines underground disposal of coal based solid waste and "three down" coal pressure recovery, backfill mining has been rapidly developed and applied in the past 20 years, forming a technical system mainly consisting of solid and paste filling materials, and fully mechanized and continuous mining filling as the main processes. This paper summarizes the technical characteristics and classification of coal based solid waste filling and mining, represented by gangue and fly ash. The basic physical and chemical properties of solid wastes such as coal gangue, fly ash, slag, gasification slag, and desulfurization gypsum indicate that coal based solid waste has the feasibility of being used as filling materials. The compression characteristics of gangue solid and paste filling materials are summarized, and the characteristics of the two main filling and mining processes, continuous mining and charging and comprehensive mining filling, are analyzed. Prospects are made in expanding the range of coal based solid waste filling materials, improving the production capacity of filling and mining, and reducing filling costs, in order to provide ideas for the future development of coal based solid waste filling and mining.
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表 1 几种煤矸石的化学组成[7]
Table 1. Chemical composition of coal gangue
/% 样品编号 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O LOL CG1 44.78 39.05 0.45 0.66 0.44 0.15 14.32 CG2 46.35 37.62 0.53 0.33 0.09 0.08 13.99 CG3 53.16 15.53 7.43 4.14 0.97 − 16.30 CG4 61.7 34.90 0.85 2.28 0.17 − 
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表 2 煤矸石矿相组成
Table 2. Mineral composition of coal gangue
主要构成 次要构成 晶相：高岭石、石英、伊利石、绿泥石、
白云母、长石、黄铁矿、
菱铁矿、赤铁矿、方解石等非晶相：水分、
炭质、风化物等
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表 3 几种粉煤灰的化学组成[7]
Table 3. Chemical composition of different fly ash
/% 样品编号 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO FeO MgO K2O FA1 45.46 32.76 4.64 8.82 0.85 0.44 0.15 FA2 53.12 27.58 4.53 7.89 0.88 0.09 0.08 FA3 30.47 47.26 3.77 5.10 0.60 0.97 − FA4 36.83 53.69 3.08 2.50 0.90 0.17 −
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表 5 炉渣主要化学成分[38]
Table 5. Chemical composition of different slag
/% 样品编号 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO K2O MgO SL1 45.77 41.81 2.86 0.61 / 0.91 SL2 34.41 13.01 6.21 1.01 1.01 / SL3 50.31 23.21 10.61 2.71 1.14 0.64 SL4 43.57 24.46 20.93 4.84 0.57 0.92
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表 7 几种气化渣的化学组成[7]
Table 7. Chemical composition of different coal gasification slags
/% 样品编号 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O LOL CGS1 35.76 8.72 41.18 15.88 1.77 2.92 16.09 FGS1 14.87 7.73 8.74 8.17 1.56 1.56 52.92 CGS2 53.37 16.82 10.05 8.12 2.16 2.14 1.18 FGS2 40.76 12.67 7.28 6.78 2.41 1.93 22.82 CGS3 27.34 14.44 23.91 19.05 0.95 2.14 6.98 FGS3 32.02 12.89 11.49 11.18 0.87 3.23 25.38
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表 8 气化渣矿相组成
Table 8. Mineral composition of coal gasification slag
主要构成 次要构成 非晶相：非晶态铝硅酸盐、炭质 晶相：石英、莫来石、
方铁矿和方解石
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表 9 煤基固废典型特征
Table 9. Typical characteristics of coal based solid waste
序号 固料名称 粒径 真密度/(t·m−3) 化学组成 活性特征 1 矸石 一般<25 mm（机械破碎） 2.2~2.57 SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaO、MgO等 无 2 粉煤灰 <0.1 mm 2.144~2.314 SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaO和未燃炭 潜在活性 3 炉渣 <10 mm 2.62~2.658 SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaO、K2O等 无 4 脱硫石膏 30~60 μm 2.3~2.4 CaO、MgO、S、游离水、SiO2、Fe2O3等 潜在活性 5 气化渣 <5 mm 2.24～2.68 SiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Fe2O3等 潜在活性
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