Composition and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of Surface Water in Altay, Xinjiang Province
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摘要:
氢氧同位素可以识别水体来源，示踪水循环，自20世纪50年代以来已被广泛应用于水文地球化学领域。已有学者开展了新疆大气降水及部分河流湖泊的稳定同位素研究，而关于阿勒泰地区大气降水之外的地表水体稳定同位素研究尚需加强。本文采用液体水激光同位素分析法开展了新疆阿勒泰地区地表河水、湖泊、山泉水、雪水、锂矿坑裂隙水五类水体的氢氧同位素组成研究。结果表明：阿勒泰地区各种类型水体氢氧同位素组成差异明显，地表河流的δ18O及δD值变化范围分别为-15.4‰~-11.5‰及-114‰~-100‰，氘过量参数（d值）变化范围为-12.4‰~12.4‰；乌伦古湖湖水的δ18O及δD值均远高于地表河流，平均值分别为-5.95‰及-78.5‰，氘过量参数远低于地表河流，均值为-30.9‰。地表河流与全球及乌鲁木齐大气降水线相比差异很大，河水除了大气降水外还受到冰川融水的补给，且在水循环过程中经历了蒸发分馏作用，地表河流之间的氢氧同位素组成差异主要受水体补给来源及蒸发程度强弱的控制。由于氢氧同位素温度效应、纬度效应等的存在，阿勒泰地区水体δD及δ18O与水温（T）、总溶解性固体（TDS）及主要离子Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-、SO42-摩尔浓度呈显著正相关关系，而与采样点纬度及溶解氧含量（DO）呈显著负相关关系（P < 0.05，n=32）。本研究获得的氢氧同位素组成特征为阿勒泰地区各类型水体稳定同位素研究提供了基础数据。
Abstract:BACKGROUND Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes can be used to identify water sources and trace water cycles and have been used in hydrogeochemistry since the 1950s. Studies have been carried out on stable isotopes of atmospheric precipitation, rivers and lakes in Xinjiang.However, the research on hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of waters in Altay is scarce, except for atmospheric precipitation. Researchers found that the rainfall in the Altai Mountains during the warm season (April-October) increased significantly from 1959 to 2014. Due to this background of climate condition changes, it is meaningful to study the hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of various types of water bodies in the Altay region, at the southern foot of the Altai Mountains.
OBJECTIVES To obtain the basic data of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of water in Altay and reveal their spatial distribution characteristics.
METHODS Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of river water, lake water, spring water, snow water, and water from a mine pit in the Altay region of Xinjiang were determined by liquid water laser isotope analyzer (LGR DT100, America). The dissolved oxygen (DO), TDS, T, and pH of the water samples were measured using the German WTW3430 multi-parameter water quality analyzer. The concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (PE8300, PerkinElmer, USA). The concentrations of HCO3- and CO32- were determined by alkali titration method. Cl- and SO42- concentrations were analyzed by ion chromatography method.
RESULTS The results showed that the ranges of δ18O and δD of the waters in the Altay area were from -15.4‰ to -5‰ and from -121‰ to -49‰, respectively. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope content of various types of water in the Altay region were significantly different. The δ18O and δD values of river waters varied from -15.4‰ to -11.5‰ and from -114‰ to -100‰, respectively, and the deuterium excess parameter varied from -12.4‰ to 12.4‰. The δ18O and δD of Ulungur Lake were much higher than those of surface rivers, with an average value of -5.95‰ and -78.5‰, respectively. The deuterium excess parameter of Ulungur Lake was much lower than those of surface rivers, with an average value of -30.9‰. The δ18O value (-14.9‰ and -11.8‰) of groundwater was similar to that of surface rivers, but δD (-114‰ and -121‰) was slightly higher than that of surface rivers, indicating that groundwater was supplied by surface rivers but may be affected by water-rock reactions. The δ18O and δD values of snow water and the water from a mine pit were -11.8‰ and -90‰, -11.6‰ and -106‰, respectively. The fitting lines for hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of the Irtysh River and Ulungur River were δD=1.7297δ18O-83.879 and δD=1.986δ18O-76.5, respectively. Surface rivers were remarkably different from the global and Urumqi atmospheric precipitation lines, indicating that apart from atmospheric precipitation, surface rivers were also recharged by glacier meltwater, and underwent evaporation and isotope fractionation during the water cycle.Due to the temperature and latitude effect of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, the δD and δ18O showed significant positive correlation relationships with T, TDS, and the molar concentration of major ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42-, also showing a significant negative correlation with the latitude of the sampling sites and DO (P < 0.05, n=32).
CONCLUSIONS The hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition characteristics obtained in this study provide basic data for the stable isotope research of various types of water bodies in the Altay area.The precipitation in Altay has increased significantly in recent decades. Due to this background, it is indeed necessary to continue to conduct long-term and in-depth systematic research on the composition of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in Altay's atmospheric precipitation and other types of water bodies.
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表 1 阿勒泰地区水体氢氧同位素及主要阴阳离子含量
Table 1. δD, δ18O and content of major anion and cation ions in waters, Altay Region
样品编号
Sample ID采样位置
Sampling locationδD
(‰)δ18O
(‰)d
(‰)T
(℃)pH 阴阳离子含量(mg/L)
Concentration of anion and cation ions (mg/L)DO TDS K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ HCO3- Cl- SO42- 1 喀依尔特河(支流1-1)
Kaylt River (Tributary 1-1)-106 -14.8 12.4 3.2 8.296 9.95 100.3 0.42 2.03 10.5 1.51 38.4 1.19 4 2 库依尔特河(支流1-2)
Kuilt River (Tributary 1-2)-100 -11.5 -8 7.2 8.144 8.32 90.2 0.71 3.9 13.5 1.66 38.1 4.76 8.01 3 胡二茨河(支流1)
Huzitz River (Tributary 1)-102 -13.6 6.8 9 8.436 8.83 166.1 0.75 4.35 19.7 2.16 65.6 2.21 5.45 4 无名支流(支流2)
Unnamed River (Tributary 3)-114 -12.7 -12.4 7.7 7.975 8.8 2900 9.36 395 209 57.7 316 261 855 5 额尔齐斯河Irtysh River -103 -13.6 5.8 12 8.736 9.45 108.6 0.73 4.25 13.3 1.89 43.4 2.55 9.04 6 额尔齐斯河Irtysh River -103 -12.9 0.2 15 8.421 8.97 122.1 0.7 4.32 15.9 1.88 43.9 3.06 17.5 7 喀拉—额尔齐斯河(支流3)
Kara Irtysh River (Tributary 3)-103 -13.1 1.8 6 8.049 8.83 109.8 1.08 4.45 13.9 2.54 47.5 2.04 8.69 8 喀拉—额尔齐斯河(支流3)
Kara Irtysh River (Tributary 3)-105 -13.2 0.6 7.1 8.659 8.92 140.8 0.64 3.45 13.1 2.87 49.2 1.36 3.55 9 额尔齐斯河Irtysh River -112 -15.4 11.2 13.1 7.93 8.52 113.3 0.67 3.87 15 1.83 38.1 4.25 17.2 10 额尔齐斯河Irtysh River -111 -15.3 11.4 13.5 8.745 8.45 135.3 0.74 4.99 17.9 2.18 41 3.4 20.3 11 额尔齐斯河Irtysh River -110 -14.4 5.2 12.3 8.621 8.59 169.1 0.82 6.86 19.8 2.62 47.8 5.95 20.5 12 额尔齐斯河Irtysh River -107 -12.9 -3.8 10 7.814 9.16 183.1 0.9 8.4 21.8 3.11 54.5 6.29 28.8 13 克兰河(支流4)
Crane River (Tributary 4)-108 -14.6 8.8 9.9 7.792 8.41 105.2 0.66 3.42 14 1.94 49.8 2.21 8.13 14 额尔齐斯河Irtysh River -107 -14.3 7.4 10.3 8.094 9.27 593 2.53 48.3 56.1 11 136 20.9 158 15 布尔津河(支流5)
Burqin River (Tributary 5)-108 -14.2 5.6 8.7 8.229 8.84 86.7 0.72 2.44 11.4 1.89 11.7 2.21 8.35 16 额尔齐斯河Irtysh River -107 -13.3 -0.6 12.6 8.075 8.03 522 2.26 42.7 49.1 10.2 126 36.2 111 17 额尔齐斯河Irtysh River -109 -14 3 10.7 7.677 10.4 208 1.2 11.9 21.4 4.24 72.7 3.4 34.3 18 哈巴河(支流6)
Haba River (Tributary 6)-110 -14.2 3.6 12.5 7.645 9.35 124.8 0.53 3.04 17.7 3.07 68 5.95 8.05 19 额尔齐斯河Irtysh River -109 -12.2 -11.4 13.6 7.792 8.64 628 1.76 26.5 36.8 11.4 99.6 16.2 97.3 20 别列则克河(支流7)
Belzek River (Tributary 7)-107 -12.7 -5.4 12.4 7.785 9.01 227 1.37 6.4 33 5.18 110 3.4 18.9 21 乌伦古湖Ulungur Lake -59 -5 -19 13 8.228 8.71 1979 20.4 309 48.4 40.5 263 231 472 22 乌伦古湖Ulungur Lake -98 -6.9 -42.8 12.5 8.434 8.32 182.1 0.92 8.84 21 3.07 52.7 5.95 25.9 23 乌伦古河Ulungur River -101 -13.1 3.8 10.1 8.195 8.15 655 2.92 52.3 66.9 13.2 161 36.6 123 24 乌伦古河Ulungur River -100 -11.7 -6.4 11.9 8.146 8.6 654 2.9 50.2 68.1 13.1 166 36 140 25 乌伦古河Ulungur River -102 -12.9 1.2 14 8.249 8.35 700 3.05 54.9 71.3 13.8 173 39.6 152 26 乌伦古河Ulungur River -102 -13.2 3.6 14.3 8.205 8.64 605 2.85 48 62 11.8 150 31.8 121 27 乌伦古河Ulungur River -105 -13.3 1.4 10.3 8.123 8.36 448 2.46 27.4 50.4 9.49 135 16.2 88 28 雪水Snow water -90 -11.8 4.4 3.2 7.516 7.86 35.3 0.24 0.46 4.42 0.24 12.9 2.89 6.47 29 矿坑裂隙水
Water from the mine pit-106 -11.6 -13.2 7 8.345 9.96 567 3.04 58.5 43.6 5.66 121 51.5 63.2 30 山泉水1 Spring water 1 -114 -11.8 -19.6 11.7 7.218 8.9 685 2.97 84.1 47 11 218 13.9 138 31 山泉水2 Spring water 2 -121 -14.9 -1.8 10.3 7.929 8.84 1040 7.21 132 77.8 19.5 387 21.8 253 32 艾丁湖Aiding Lake -49 -5.4 -5.8 23.3 8.207 7.35 2049 4.18 288 104 32.4 165 133 608 
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表 2 前人研究中阿勒泰水体氢氧同位素组成与本研究对比
Table 2. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of water in Altay Region in previous studies and this study
样品类型
Sample type采样位置
Sampling location采样时间
Sampling date样品数量
Sample quantityδD
(‰)δ18O
(‰)数据来源
Data source大气降水
Atmospheric precipitation阿勒泰
Altay1998年—2001年
Year 1998 to 2001226 -100.4 -13.8 [26], [27] 雪坑中的雪
Snow in a snow pit俄罗斯Belukha山(阿尔泰山脉)
Belukha Mountains, Russia (Altai Mountains)2000年—2001年，每年1月—4月，10月—12月
January to April, October to December in each year, Year 2000 to 2001/ -98.7 -17.7 [28] 雪芯、冰芯
Snow core, ice core俄罗斯Belukha山(阿尔泰山脉)
Belukha Mountains, Russia (Altai Mountains)1984年—2000年，每年1月—4月，10月—次年2月
January to April, October to December in each year, Year 1984 to 2000/ -100.9 -13.8 [28] 河水
River water阿勒泰
Altay2016年10月
October 201625 -106.04 -13.484 本文
This study湖水
Lake water阿勒泰
Altay2016年10月
October 20163 -68.67 -5.77 本文
This study山泉水
Spring water阿勒泰
Altay2016年10月
October 20162 -117.5 -13.35 本文
This study雪水
Snow water阿勒泰
Altay2016年10月
October 20161 -90 -11.8 本文
This study
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表 3 氢氧同位素及其他参数相关分析结果
Table 3. Correlation relationships among δD, δ18O and other physicochemical parameters
参数
ParametersδD δ18O 经度
Longitude纬度
LatitudeT pH TDS DO Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- HCO3- δ18O 0.840** 经度
Longitude0.019 -0.001 纬度
Latitude-0.634** -0.503** -0.460** T 0.415* 0.382* -0.153 -0.632** pH 0.142 0.029 0.331 -0.240 0.107 TDS 0.431* 0.508** 0.178 -0.532** 0.309 0.201 DO -0.425* -0.366* -0.023 0.418* -0.374* -0.028 -0.234 Na+ 0.488** 0.548** 0.214 -0.524** 0.281 -0.068 0.986** -0.219 K+ 0.470** 0.542** 0.047 -0.224 0.157 -0.028 0.777** -0.079 0.812** Ca2+ 0.114 0.226 0.207 -0.460** 0.226 -0.097 0.896** -0.210 0.833** 0.516** Mg2+ 0.387* 0.469** 0.135 -0.453* 0.264 -0.086 0.990** -0.221 0.976** 0.808** 0.894** Cl- 0.494** 0.550** 0.139 -0.396* 0.196 0.003 0.943** -0.173 0.959** 0.845** 0.777** 0.953** HCO3- 0.081 0.245 0.170 -0.324 0.205 -0.218 0.791** -0.099 0.753** 0.731** 0.784** 0.799** 0.648** SO42- 0.426* 0.479** 0.199 -0.552** 0.307 -0.076 0.990** -0.260 0.982** 0.717** 0.903** 0.979** 0.929** 0.743** 注：“**”表示通过了P=0.01显著性检验；“*”表示通过了P=0.05显著性检验。
Note: “**” indicates passing the significance test of P=0.01; “*” indicates passing the significance test of P=0.05.
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