Effect of Fluorine on Human Health in High-fluorine Areas in Yuanzhou District, Guyuan City, Ningxia Autonomous Region
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摘要:
近年来随着人们生活质量的提升，对健康的关注度也不断提高，氟中毒性地方病越来越受到人们的重视。在关注氟污染源分析及暴露途径研究的同时，开展氟暴露途径评价健康风险研究也十分必要。据调查，固原市原州区彭堡镇地区表层土壤氟含量高于当地区域背景值，本文针对当地存在氟超标导致地方病的实际情况，重点采集了固原市原州区彭堡镇地区表层土壤、地层岩石、农作物、地下水等样品，主要采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）、原子荧光光谱法（AFS）等分析方法对相关元素进行分析测试，研究固原市原州区彭堡镇高氟区氟超标对人体健康的影响，并运用健康风险评价模型对人体健康风险进行评价。评价结果表明：谷物和蔬菜氟暴露途径健康风险指数HQ < 1，没有非致癌风险。当地人体氟暴露风险主要途径为饮用地下水摄入，相关的健康风险指数HQ>1，这表明通过饮用氟超标的地下水，可能具有潜在的非致癌风险。年度总健康风险为1.69×10-8，低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）建议的最大可接受年健康风险水平5.0×10-5，属于人类可接受的风险水平。根据氟健康风险评价结果，本文提出该地区饮用水安全性方面还需多给予关注。
Abstract:BACKGROUND In recent years, with the improvement of people's quality of life, people pay more and more attention to health, and thus endemic fluorosis attracts more and more attention. While paying attention to the analysis of the fluorine pollution source and research on exposure pathways, it is also necessary to carry out health risk evaluations of fluorine exposure pathways. According to the survey, the fluorine content in the surface soil of Pengbao Town, Yuanzhou District, and Guyuan City is higher than the local background value.
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of fluorine on human health.
METHODS The health risk assessment model recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency was used to assess the human health risk. According to the actual situation of endemic diseases caused by excessive fluorine, the samples of surface soil, stratum rocks, crops and groundwater in Pengbao Town, Yuanzhou District, and Guyuan City were collected. The related elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry and other analytical methods to study the influence of excessive fluorine on human health in Pengbao Town of Yuanzhou District, and Guyuan City.
RESULTS The evaluation results showed that the health risk index (HQ) of fluorine exposure pathways in cereals and vegetables was less than 1, and there was no non-carcinogenic risk. The main way of exposure risk of local fluorine was drinking groundwater, and the related health risk index (HQ) was more than 1, which indicated that drinking groundwater with excessive fluorine may have potential non-carcinogenic risk. The annual total health risk was 1.69×10-8, which was lower than the maximum acceptable annual health risk level of 5.0×10-5 recommended by the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP).
CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the fluorine health risk assessment, it is proposed that the safety of drinking water in this area needs more attention.
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表 1 样品指标分析质量参数
Table 1. Quality parameters of index analysis for the samples
指标 分析方法 检出限 报出率(%) 准确度合格率(%) 精密度合格率(%) 重复检验合格率(%) F 离子选择电极法(ISE) 50.0×10-6 100 100 100 100 Mo 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS) 0.1×10-6 100 100 100 100 Mn 粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF) 10.0×10-6 100 100 100 100 Ge 原子荧光光谱法(AFS) 0.01×10-6 100 100 100 100 SOM 重铬酸钾容量法(VOL) 0.01×10-6 100 100 100 100 CaO 粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF) 0.03×10-2 100 100 100 100 MgO 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES) 0.02×10-2 100 100 100 100 Ni 粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF) 2.0×10-6 100 100 100 100 Se 原子荧光光谱法(AFS) 0.01×10-6 100 100 100 100 
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表 2 氟元素与其他元素的相关性
Table 2. Correlationship of fluorine and other elements
元素 F 元素 F Mo 0.612** CaO 0.496** Mn -0.347** MgO 0.812** Ge -0.480** Ni -0.270** SOM 0.365** Se 0.517** 注：样品数1100，“**”表示0.01水平(双侧)显著相关；“*”表示在0.05水平(双侧)显著相关。
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表 3 不同介质中氟元素含量
Table 3. Fluorine contents in different media
介质类别 样品数 氟含量最小值(mg/kg) 氟含量最大值(mg/kg) 氟含量平均值(mg/kg) 国家标准限量(mg/kg) 小麦 39 0.12 1.21 0.37 1 玉米 41 0.14 1.08 0.52 1 辣椒 10 0.43 0.99 0.70 1 饮用水 7 0.96 1.24 1.07 1 注：饮用水中氟含量的单位为mg/L。
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表 4 氟元素对人体健康暴露风险
Table 4. Exposure risk of fluorine to human health
介质类型 日消费量(kg/d)& (L/d) 氟平均含量(mg/kg)& (mg/L) 日暴露剂量 健康风险指数 年健康风险 谷物 0.609 0.61 5.31×10-3 0.089 1.26×10-9 蔬菜 0.426 0.70 4.26×10-3 0.071 1.02×10-9 饮用水 2 1.07 3.06×10-2 1.023 1.46×10-8 总风险(年) 1.69×10-8
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