PETROLEUM GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EXPLORATION PROSPECTS IN TANZANIA BASIN, EAST AFRICA
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摘要:
近几年，东非海岸坦桑尼亚盆地发现了14个大中型气田，使得坦桑尼亚成为全球深水油气勘探的焦点。以收集到的盆地最新地质基础资料和油气田资料为依据，归纳总结该盆地构造沉积演化特征，分析烃源岩、储集层、盖层及含油气系统特征，预测其勘探前景。研究认为，盆地发育3套烃源岩，主力烃源岩为中上侏罗统页岩、下白垩统三角洲相页岩和上白垩统海相页岩。主要储层是下白垩统河流三角洲砂岩以及上白垩统、古新统和渐新统的深水水道砂岩。潜在储层包括卡鲁群河流三角洲砂岩、中侏罗统砂岩和灰岩。盆地内具有优良盖层质量的黏土岩层序出现在整个侏罗系—新近系地层，形成了区域和层间盖层。陆上及浅水区以构造成藏组合为主；深水区以重力流砂体在陆坡形成的构造—地层成藏组合为主。勘探的目标应着重于白垩纪以来重力流砂砾沉积物及河道充填沉积物形成的斜坡扇和海底扇。
Abstract:In recent years, a total of fourteen large and medium gas fields have been discovered in the Tanzania basin, along the East African coast, which makes Tanzania the focus of deepwater hydrocarbon exploration in the world. On the basis of regional geologic information and the previous researches, we made a brief summarization of the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the basin and the assemblage of petroleum systems in it. Prediction of exploration prospects is also made on the basic data. It is suggested that there occur three sets of source rocks in the basin, i.e. the Middle-Upper Jurassic restricted marine shale, Lower Cretaceous deltaic shale and Upper Cretaceous marine shale. The main reservoirs are consisting of the lower Cretaceous fluvial sandstone and Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene and Oligocene deep channel sandstone with the Middle Jurassic sandstone and limestone as potential reservoirs. In the basin, the Jurassic-Neogene shale and clay deposits occur as excellent regional and interlayer seals. The gas pools are dominated by structural traps both onshore and offshore, and in deep-water they are dominated by structural and stratigraphic traps. Further exploration targets should be put on the slope fans and submarine fans formed by gravity current and channel filling sediments since Cretaceous.
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表 1 近年来坦桑尼亚盆地的天然气勘探新发现
Table 1. Exploration discoveries of natural gas in Tanzania Basin
油气田名称 盆地 位置/水深/m 作业者 发现日期 可采储量规模/108m3 Pweza Mafia深水次盆 1 400 BG/Ophir 2010/10/16 291.1 Chewa Mafia深水次盆 1 315 BG/Ophir 2010/11/30 308.2 Zafarani Mafia深水次盆 2 582 Statoil 2012/3 1 147.1 Lavani Mafia深水次盆 2 400 Statoil, TPDC 2012/6/13 1 088.9 Papa Mafia深水次盆 2 186 BG/Ophir 2012/6/4 342.4 Tangawizi Mafia深水次盆 2 300 Statoil, TPDC 2013/3/28 1 095.8 Ngisi Mafia深水次盆 深水 BG Group PLC 2013/6/27 376.7 Mronge Mafia深水次盆 2 500 Statoil 2013/12/1 565 Piri Mafia深水次盆 2 360 Statoil 2014/6/18 849 Taachui Mandawa次盆 991 Ophir Energy 2014/6/26 396.5 Giligiliani Mafia深水次盆 2 500 Statoil 2014/10/14 339.8 Kamba(Fulusi) Mafia深水次盆 1 379 Ophir Energy 2014/10/2 291.7 Mdalasini Mafia深水次盆 2 293 Statoil 2015/3/30 509.7 Mambakofi 鲁伍次盆 陆上 Dodsal 2015/4 906.1 注：数据来源于http://www.offshore-technology.com/ 
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表 2 坦桑尼亚盆地气藏成藏组合统计
Table 2. Statistics of plays of giant gas fields in Tanzania Basin
气田名称 成藏组合 沉积环境 烃源岩 储层 盖层 圈闭类型 Lavani 上白垩统水道砂岩 深海 上侏罗统—下白垩统 上白垩统 上白垩统—古新统 构造—地层 渐新统水道砂岩 深海 上侏罗统—下白垩统 渐新统 渐新统 构造 Tangawizi 渐新统水道砂岩 深海 上侏罗统—下白垩统 渐新统 渐新统 构造 Songo Songo 下白垩统三角洲砂岩 浅海 上侏罗统—下白垩统 下白垩统 上白垩统 构造—不整合 Chewa 古新统水道砂岩 深海 上侏罗统—下白垩统 古新统 古新统 构造—地层
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