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摘要:
由于自然环境的变化和人类活动的加剧，海岸侵蚀的状况越发严重，近年来国际上砾石养滩作为一种新的海滩养护方法开始兴起，由于其粒径粗、孔隙度大，波浪下渗率较高，起到抵浪消浪的作用，从而形成稳定度较高的海滩，在海滩养护中有着重要的作用。2014年和2016年对山东长岛的砾石海滩做过2次实地调查，研究发现砾石海滩确存在侵蚀现象，滩面下蚀深度最高达到0.6 m，海滩宽度也有变窄的趋势。因此，建议当地采用砾石养滩的方法进行海滩修复，根据当地状况并结合国外砾石养滩的案例可知，砾石抛填的位置应在高潮线以上，填充厚度至少应达到3~4 m，粒径以2~50 mm较好，将滩肩扩宽至30 m海滩能够稳定一段时间。砾石海滩经修复后不仅能够防护海岸，也能够促进当地旅游业的发展，提升城市的品味。
Abstract:Due to the changes in natural environment and intensification of human activities, coastal erosion has become a severer challenge to human society recently. Gravel beach nourishment, as a new performance to beach conservation, has rapidly developed in coast defense of the world. Due to its coarse particle size and high porosity, the gravel beach has the capability to filter water out when they are under wave actions. The higher penetration rate of water may make the beach more stable. In 2014 and 2016, the authors conducted two field surveys on the gravel beach at the Long Island, Shandong Province. It is found that the gravel beach there was under erosion, the maximum erosional depth of the beach face was up to 0.6 m, and the width of the beach was narrow. Therefore, it is recommended that the beach be nourished with gravels for beach conservation. According to the local conditions and the cases of some foreign gravel banks, it is known that the location for gravel dumping should be above the high tide line, and the filling thickness should not be less than 3 to 4 meters. The gravels with a diameter of 2-50 mm are the best choice and then widen the beach shoulder up to 30 meters. The beach will remain stable for a period of time as normally required. Governmental management should be strengthened to prevent vandalism. Once the gravel beach is restored, it can not only protect the coast, but also push forward the development of local tourism.
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Key words:
- gravel beach /
- erosion /
- restoration /
- Long Island
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表 1 研究区域砾石海滩平均粒径分布
Table 1. Average particle size distribution of gravel beaches in the study area
/Φ 海岛 砾石海滩 滩肩 滩肩顶 高潮线 水边线 北长岛 九丈崖 -6.18 -5.08 -4.25 -4.57 月牙湾 -4.20 -3.34 -3.75 -4.08 长滩 -5.29 -4.60 -3.84 -4.27 平均 -5.22 -4.34 -3.95 -4.31 南长岛 仙境源 -3.63 -3.24 -3.05 -1.88 明珠广场 -5.58 -5.34 -4.97 -4.39 长山尾 -5.32 -4.61 -4.78 -5.13 林海 -4.90 -4.71 -4.01 -4.94 平均 -4.86 -4.48 -4.20 -4.09 
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表 2 各砾石海滩砾石粒度参数
Table 2. Grain-size parameters of each gravel beaches
海岛 海滩 平均粒径/Φ σi 分选程度 Ski 偏态等级 Kg 峰态等级 北长岛 长滩 -4.50 0.59 较好 0.05 近对称 0.85 宽 月牙湾 -3.84 0.53 较好 -0.01 近对称 0.96 中等 九丈崖 -5.02 0.63 较好 0.05 近对称 1.01 中等 均值 -4.45 0.58 较好 0.03 近对称 0.94 中等 南长岛 仙境源 -2.95 0.51 较好 -0.02 近对称 0.88 宽 林海 -4.66 0.50 好 -0.06 近对称 0.97 中等 明珠广场 -4.86 0.69 较好 -0.09 近对称 1.00 中等 长山尾 -4.96 0.55 较好 0.10 近对称 1.04 中等 均值 -4.36 0.57 较好 0.01 近对称 0.97 中等
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表 3 山东半岛北部海岛砾石海滩的启动轨迹流速和临界波高
Table 3. Starting trajectory velocity and critical wave height of island gravel beach in northern Shandong Peninsula
海岛 海滩 平均粒径D/m 浅水波波长L/M 启动流速/(m/s) 临界波高/m 北长岛 长滩 0.023 39.976 2.611 4.164 月牙湾 0.014 39.976 2.146 3.423 九丈崖 0.032 39.976 3.047 4.860 南长岛 仙境源 0.008 39.976 1.647 2.628 林海 0.025 39.976 2.738 4.367 明珠广场 0.029 39.976 2.905 4.634 长山尾 0.031 39.976 2.993 4.774
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