Status quo of offshore geothermal energy development and its enlightenment to China
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摘要:
在世界能源短缺以及实现碳减排目标的背景下，随着海洋和地热能开发技术的进步，海上地热能的潜力越来越受到人们的关注。本文分析了目前全球海上地热资源开发热点区域分布，以及海上地热资源利用的优势和劣势，梳理了国内外海洋地热资源利用现状和关键开发技术，包括海上地热利用方式、地热勘查技术、地热资源评价技术、地热利用技术和地热能开发影响评价技术等，指出了当前中国海上地热能发展利用过程中面临着基础资料薄弱、关键技术创新力不足、核心装备自主性差、激励政策不够完善等诸多挑战，并给出了相应的发展建议。
Abstract:Under the background of world energy shortage and carbon emission reduction targets, with the progress of marine and geothermal energy development technology, the potential of offshore geothermal energy has attracted more and more attention. The distribution of hot spots in the development of offshore geothermal resources in the world, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the utilization of offshore geothermal resources were analyzed. The status quo and key technologies of offshore geothermal resources exploration were summarized, including offshore geothermal utilization strategy, geothermal exploration technology, geothermal resource evaluation technology, geothermal utilization technology and the environment impact evaluation technology, ect. It is pointed out that there are many challenges in the development and utilization of offshore geothermal energy in China, such as weak basic data, insufficient innovation of key technologies, poor autonomy of core equipment, and imperfect incentive policies, etc. At last, the corresponding development suggestions are given.
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表 1 海洋地热能的特性
Table 1. Characteristics of offshore geothermal energy
参数 具体特性 优势 热源 以深部地幔的热量为主 储量和质量 海洋地热能储量大、优质高温地热资源多 最大开采深度 与海洋钻采设备的发展有关，目前5 000～6 000 m 采热方式 以注入海水或CO2等介质循环热交换为主 海域使用 除了争议海区，权属明确，开发纠纷少 潜在最优开发区域 针对性强，包括已开发的海上油气田、热液喷口和海山 劣势 开发难度 难度较大，基础资料少、海洋深度大、环境恶劣、地理位置偏远以及海洋技术发展限制等 开发成本 前期勘查、设备制造安装、后期维护成本都很高 技术成熟度 起步晚，成熟度很低，从原理分类到开采利用皆需参照陆上地热能开发技术 海洋环境影响 影响大且未知，尤其是深海和地下深部独特脆弱的生态系统 
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