Geochemical characteristics of major elements in surface sediments of Caofeidian offshore area in the Bohai Sea: implications for the weathering characteristics of the source area
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摘要:
通过对渤海曹妃甸海域的161个表层沉积物样品和环渤海湾主要河流的30个表层沉积物样品进行常量元素测试，研究常量元素组合特征及其影响因素，并运用化学蚀变指数(CIA)，探讨沉积物风化特征及其物源指示意义。结果表明，曹妃甸附近海域表层沉积物常量元素氧化物组分以SiO2和Al2O3为主，Si、Al、Fe、K、Mg、P、Ti 7种元素“粒度效应”显著，受沉积物粒径影响，除Si外，其他6种元素在研究区基本呈现南高北低、西高东低的分布格局。元素Ca、Na受物源的影响显著，Mn的分布与氧化还原条件相关。风化程度研究表明，曹妃甸海域砂粒级和粉砂粒级沉积物CIA分别为48.4和57.2，CIA与沉积物粒径呈正相关性，与周边水系沉积物同处于初级风化阶段，其源岩成分接近二长花岗岩。地形和气候差异是影响滦河水系和海河水系沉积物风化程度差异不可忽视的重要因素。
Abstract:Based on the analysis of major element characteristics of 161 surface sediment samples from the Caofeidian offshore area of the Bohai Sea and 30 surface sediment samples from major rivers around Bohai Bay, the assemblage characteristics and influencing factors of major elements were studied. Considering the characteristics of major elements in stream sediment along Bohai Bay, the weathering and provenance were discussed using the chemical index of alteration (CIA). Results show that SiO2 and Al2O3 constitute the predominant elements in the surface sediment of the study area. Seven elements, i.e., Si, Al, Fe, K, Mg, P, and Ti, clearly demonstrate a significant "grain size effect". Except for Si, the distribution patterns of other six elements follow a discernible trend consistently. Higher concentrations were observed in the southern and western regions, while lower concentrations prevail in the north and east. It is worth noting that CaO and Na2O exhibit a substantial influence from their provenance, while the distribution of MnO appears to be closely correlated with redox conditions. The CIA values of sand and silt-sand sediments in Caofeidian sea area are 48.4 and 57.2, respectively. This index is positively correlated with sediment particle size, and it is in the primary weathering stage with the surrounding stream sediments. Furthermore, the source rock composition of sediments in the Caofeidian offshore area bears striking similarities to that of adamellite. Topographic and climatic variations are important factors affecting the differences in the weathering intensity of sediments in the Luanhe River system and the Haihe River system.
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表 1 研究区表层沉积物粒度参数
Table 1. Grain size parameters of surface sediments in the study area
黏土/% 粉砂/% 砂/% 平均粒径/Φ 分选系数 偏态 峰态 最大值 51.1 79.0 98.6 8.2 2.9 0.7 2.4 最小值 0.5 0.9 0.0 1.4 0.7 −0.2 0.7 平均值 21.5 50.4 28.2 5.7 2.0 0.3 1.0 
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表 2 沉积物常量元素含量统计
Table 2. Contents of major elements in the sediments
区域 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO K2O MgO Na2O TiO2 P2O5 MnO 曹妃甸海域 均值/% 62.50 11.77 5.13 5.82 3.11 2.34 2.00 0.589 0.124 0.081 极大值/% 78.60 13.37 7.25 11.69 3.39 2.71 4.45 0.804 0.153 0.311 极小值/% 58.72 6.25 0.36 1.10 2.43 0.60 1.38 0.122 0.057 0.021 标准差 3.41 1.25 1.57 2.11 0.19 0.36 0.61 0.123 0.012 0.029 变异系数 0.05 0.11 0.31 0.36 0.06 0.15 0.31 0.210 0.090 0.351 黄河 均值/% 61.32 10.52 4.31 6.88 1.99 1.98 1.90 0.870 0.188 0.074 极大值/% 66.15 12.41 9.32 8.47 2.35 2.50 2.15 2.300 0.304 0.142 极小值/% 53.11 9.60 3.25 6.04 1.63 1.70 1.30 0.585 0.154 0.051 标准差 4.60 0.89 1.83 0.81 0.20 0.28 0.25 0.516 0.047 0.027 变异系数 0.07 0.08 0.42 0.12 0.10 0.14 0.13 0.593 0.249 0.371 海河水系 均值/% 56.35 12.82 4.64 5.90 2.52 2.31 1.65 0.623 0.174 0.089 极大值/% 61.94 15.23 6.64 7.27 2.98 2.88 2.22 0.699 0.215 0.136 极小值/% 51.73 10.81 3.25 3.32 2.19 1.72 1.17 0.519 0.144 0.062 标准差 3.82 1.51 1.21 1.14 0.28 0.35 0.41 0.061 0.024 0.022 变异系数 0.07 0.12 0.26 0.19 0.11 0.15 0.25 0.097 0.137 0.249 滦河水系 均值/% 61.93 11.00 4.49 4.53 2.58 2.07 2.34 0.496 0.184 0.098 极大值/% 76.83 13.71 12.54 10.59 2.92 3.96 2.80 0.894 0.382 0.185 极小值/% 47.82 8.30 1.46 1.46 1.67 0.70 1.43 0.196 0.073 0.056 标准差 8.98 1.82 3.30 2.73 0.39 1.06 0.50 0.206 0.095 0.041 变异系数 0.15 0.17 0.74 0.60 0.15 0.51 0.21 0.416 0.515 0.417 中国浅海[27] 平均值/% 62.61 11.09 4.43 5.31 2.32 1.82 1.99 0.584 0.115 0.068 黄土[28] 平均值/% 59.89 11.88 4.19 7.80 2.25 2.35 1.77 0.597 0.147 0.065 渤海[27] 平均值/% 62.36 12.01 4.32 3.47 2.77 1.89 2.41 0.55 0.12 0.07 UCC[29] 平均值/% 65.89 15.17 5.00 4.19 3.39 2.20 3.89 0.50 0.16 0.07
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表 3 表层沉积物的常量元素、平均粒径和CIA相关性分析（n=161）
Table 3. Analysis of correlation between major elements, average particle size, and chemical index of alteration （CIA） in surface sediments （n=161）
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO K2O MgO Na2O TiO2 P2O5 MnO Mz CIA SiO2 1.00 Al2O3 −0.913** 1.00 Fe2O3 −0.903** 0.936** 1.00 CaO −0.795** 0.550** 0.642** 1.00 K2O −0.822** 0.918** 0.885** 0.518** 1.00 MgO −0.965** 0.960** 0.928** 0.658** 0.853** 1.00 Na2O 0.596** −0.583** −0.522** −0.638** −0.575** −0.562** 1.00 TiO2 −0.900** 0.978** 0.962** 0.565** 0.877** 0.946** −0.551** 1.00 P2O5 −0.888** 0.816** 0.782** 0.701** 0.685** 0.837** −0.613** 0.810** 1.00 MnO −0.392** 0.325** 0.418** 0.296** 0.249** 0.351** −0.170* 0.375** 0.405** 1.00 Mz −0.777** 0.776** 0.883** 0.647** 0.748** 0.798** −0.428** 0.827** 0.625** 0.303** 1.00 CIA −0.771** 0.783** 0.738** 0.706** 0.760** 0.757** −0.948** 0.762** 0.738** 0.263** 0.631** 1.00 注：n为样品数量；**在 0.01 水平（双侧）上显著相关；*在 0.05 水平（双侧）上显著相关。
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表 4 研究区元素因子载荷矩阵
Table 4. Element factor-loading matrix of the study area
因子 F1 F2 F3 SiO2 −0.779 −0.530 −0.234 Al2O3 0.920 0.320 0.114 Fe2O3 0.901 0.310 0.233 CaO 0.351 0.814 0.206 K2O 0.884 0.292 0.013 MgO 0.873 0.392 0.171 Na2O −0.298 −0.847 0.041 TiO2 0.919 0.296 0.179 P2O5 0.628 0.581 0.282 MnO 0.183 0.098 0.961 平均粒径/Φ 0.809 0.275 0.150 累计贡献率/% 54.08 77.80 89.20
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