A discussion of soil and water pollution and control countermeasures in mining area of China
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摘要:
矿山水土环境污染是采矿活动引发的主要环境地质问题之一。我国矿山数量众多，水土污染比较普遍，尤以金属矿山最为严重，矿山水土污染防治是今后开展国土空间生态保护修复的重要内容。基于全国矿山地质环境摸底调查成果资料，对矿业活动不同阶段的水土污染风险以及不同矿山的水土污染类型、特征和污染物迁移演化规律等进行了研究。分析指出：矿业活动过程包括勘探、建矿、开采、洗选、冶炼等多个阶段，而水土污染风险贯穿于矿业活动全过程，不同阶段的污染风险不同；矿产资源开发造成的水土污染物类型、特征因开采的矿产类型不同而不同，呈现出特征污染物与矿体母岩的高度相关性；矿山及其周边污染物的迁移作用受污染物自身的物理化学性质和外界环境条件的影响，在矿山长期持续开采条件下矿山水土污染物存在累积效应，而矿产资源集中开采区的污染物扩散表现出叠加效应。通过对某典型水土环境污染案例的分析研究，初步证实了上述推断。根据我国矿山水土环境污染多发性和复杂性的特点，建议今后开展矿山水土污染防治工作应区分不同类型矿山、不同地质环境条件、不同污染物特征、不同污染程度，采取分类施策、系统修复、标本兼治的对策，以实现矿山环境明显改善。
Abstract:Mine water and soil pollution is one of the main environmental geological problems caused by mining activities. There are a large number of mines in China, and soil and water pollution is common, especially in metal mines. The prevention and control of soil and water pollution in mines is an important part of land and space ecological protection and restoration in the future. Based on the data and results of national mine geological environment investigation, in this paper, the risk of soil and water pollution at different stages of mining activities, the types and characteristics of soil and water pollution, and the migration and evolution of pollutants in different mines are studied. It is pointed out that the process of mining activities includes exploration, construction, mining, washing and smelting etc, while the risk of soil and water pollution runs through the whole process of mining activities, and the risk of pollution is different in different of mining stages. The types and characteristics of soil and water pollutants caused by the development of mineral resources vary with the types of minerals mined, showing a high correlation between the characteristic pollutants and the ore body parent rock. The migration of pollutants in the mine and its surrounding areas is affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pollutants themselves and the external environmental conditions. Under the condition of long-term continuous mining, there is a cumulative effect of water and soil pollutants in the mine area, while the diffusion of pollutants in the concentrated mining area shows an additive effect. Through a case study of a typical soil and water environment pollution analysis and evaluation, the above inference is preliminarily confirmed. According to the multiple and complex characteristics of mine soil and water environment pollution in China, it is suggested that the prevention and control of water and soil pollution in mines in the future should be based on different types of mines, different geological environment conditions, different pollutant characteristics, different pollution levels, etc., adopting classified measures, systematic restoration, and treating both symptoms and symptoms simultaneously, so as to realize the obvious improvement of mine environment.
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表 1 不同类型矿山主要污染物
Table 1. Pollutants in different types of mines
矿山类型 主要污染物 能源矿山 煤炭矿山 Fe、Mn、F、As、Pb、Zn、Hg、Cd、Cr、硫化物、氮化物等 油 气 石油类、挥发酚、COD、硫化物、悬浮物、可溶性矿物质、有机质、可溶性重金属、高分子处理剂等 金属矿山 
、Fe3+、Mn2+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Al3+、Pb、Cu、Cd、Hg、Zn、As、Cr、Ni、Co、悬浮物和氰化物等
非金属矿山 SO42-和Na、K、Fe、Mn等元素 
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表 2 土壤单项污染程度分级标准
Table 2. Single factor index method
Pi 0<Pi≤1 1<Pi≤2 2<Pi≤3 3<Pi 污染水平 未污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染
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表 3 内梅罗综合污染指数评价标准
Table 3. Evaluation criteria of integrated pollution index method
Pn 0<Pn≤0.7 0.7<Pn≤1 1<Pn≤2 2<Pn≤3 3<Pn 污染水平 清洁 警戒 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染
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