Classification and attribute analysis of water-storing structures in water deficient bedrock mountainous areas
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摘要:
近十多年来，服务脱贫攻坚的基岩山区找水打井工作充分运用并丰富了蓄水构造理论，但缺乏对其类型的统一划分和属性的深入分析。以蓄水构造为理论指导，考虑地貌汇水、岩性赋水、构造控水等控制因素，以构造为主控因素，综合地形地貌、地层岩性和植被发育及开发利用实际价值等因素，系统总结划分出缺水基岩山区水平岩层、单斜、褶皱、断裂、接触、风化壳、复合、洞藏等8类20型35式蓄水构造，并借鉴、结合新构造控水理论和地下水系统理论分析总结不同尺度、不同类型蓄水构造的共性特征，从蓄水构造空间组合特征、边界水文地质性质、水动力条件、尺度效应、控水共生特征、开发利用实际价值等方面，提出了岩性与地质构造的相关性、透水与隔水的相对性、汇水与蓄水的平衡性、尺度与系统的统一性、形成与改造的继承性和规模与目的的匹配性等蓄水构造属性。研究成果细化完善了缺水基岩山区地下水蓄水构造类型划分，总结提炼了蓄水构造属性特征，深化了对蓄水构造概念内涵的理解与认识。既进一步推动了基岩山区水文地质学的研究，也可为缺水区找水定井提供参考，并指导缺水区水资源可持续利用。
Abstract:Since 2002, the China Geological Survey has successively organized and implemented hydrogeological survey and groundwater exploration in water deficient areas, such as severe water shortage areas in west China, Wumeng Mountain area, Yimeng mountain area and red bed area in southern Jiangxi, obtained a large number of exploration data conducive to promoting discipline development, and summarized the law of water abundance. In recent decades, water prospecting and well drilling in bedrock mountainous areas serving poverty alleviation have not been systematically summarized based on water storage structures and their attributes. This paper takes the water storage structure as the theoretical guidance, considers geomorphic catchment, lithological water accumulation, structural water control and other control factors, and takes structure as the main control factor. The factors such as topography, formation lithology, vegetation development and actual value of development and utilization are systematically summarized and water storage structures are divided into 8 types, further divided into 20 types, and more into 35 types, such as the horizontal rock stratum, monocline formation, fold, fault, contact zone, weathered crust, composite and cave reservoir. The common characteristics of different scales and types of water storage structures are analyzed and summarized with reference to and in combination with the neotectonic water control theory and groundwater system theory. From the aspects of spatial combination characteristics of water storage structure, boundary hydrogeological properties, hydrodynamic conditions, scale effect, symbiotic characteristics of water control and practical value of development and utilization, this paper puts forward the correlation between the lithology and geological structure, the relativity of permeability and water separation, the balance between catchment and water storage, the unity of scale and system, the inheritance of formation and transformation and the matching of scale and purpose. The research results refine and improve the classification of groundwater storage structure types in bedrock mountain areas with water shortage, summarize the attribute characteristics of water storage structure, deepen the understanding of the concept and connotation of water storage structure, not only further promote the research of hydrogeology in bedrock mountain areas, but also provide references for water prospecting and well locating in water shortage areas, and guide the sustainable utilization of water resources in water shortage areas.
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表 1 缺水基岩山区蓄水构造类型划分
Table 1. Water storage structure types in water deficient bedrock mountainous areas
类 型 式 代表性地区 水平岩层
蓄水构造沉积动力型 红层方山式 赣南、西南红层区 喷发动力型 喷发堆积式 沂蒙山区临朐 单斜
蓄水构造碳酸盐岩型 单一碳酸盐岩式 沂蒙山区 碳酸盐岩与
碎屑岩互层式沂蒙山区鲁村盆地、
乌蒙山区碎屑岩型 砂岩式 陇东盆地庆阳地区 砂、泥岩互层式 乌蒙山区 砂砾岩式 赣南红层盆地 变质岩火成岩型 大理岩式 太行山区 玄武岩式 燕山山区 褶皱
蓄水构造向斜型 承压水式 沂蒙山区南麻盆地 潜水式 沂蒙山区莱芜盆地 背斜型 背斜式 沂蒙山区、乌蒙山区 断裂
蓄水构造断层型 断裂带式 沂蒙山区、乌蒙山区 断裂影响带式 沂蒙山区、乌蒙山区 断层交会式 沂蒙山区南鲁山自流区 断层岩块式 沂蒙山区 滑脱构造式 沂蒙山区莱芜盆地 断块型 地堑式 沂蒙山区沂源盆地 地垒式 青海东部碎屑岩区 垒堑式 陕西渭北岩溶区 叠瓦断块式 陕西渭北岩溶区 接触
蓄水构造侵入体接触型 阻水岩脉（墙）式 河北太行山、山西吕梁山、
乌蒙山、江西赣州地区导水岩脉（墙）式 不整合接触型 不整合接触式 宁夏中南部地区 风化壳
蓄水构造裸露型 片麻岩式 河北太行山地区 花岗岩式 海南琼中、江西赣州地区 碎屑岩式 川渝红层区、赣南地区 隐伏型 古风化壳式 辽宁西部山区 复合
蓄水构造向斜-岩体式 太行山区涞源盆地 断层-不整合接触式 沂蒙山区 单斜-断裂式 沂蒙山区 岩脉-侵入接触式 江西赣州兴国地区 风化壳-断层式 江西赣州宁都地区 洞藏
蓄水构造天然型 孔洞式 西南岩溶区、河北坝上高原 人为活动型 废弃矿洞（巷道）式 太行山区曲阳县、
陕西北部等地区
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