Current situation and scientific challenge of soil and water erosion in Gully Consolidation and Highland Protection Project of DongZhi Loess Plateau
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摘要:
由于极端降雨和高强度人类工程活动的影响，黄土塬区沟头前进速度加剧，严重威胁黄土塬区经济社会发展。近年来实施的大规模固沟保塬工程虽然有效抑制了黄土塬区溯源侵蚀的发展，但是仍然存在严重的水土侵蚀病害问题。基于这一现状，以陇东黄土高原董志塬地区典型固沟保塬工程为研究对象，通过野外实地考察、查阅文献和综合分析等研究方法，对董志塬地区典型固沟保塬工程水土侵蚀病害进行调查分析。结果表明：固沟保塬工程水文调控功能可分为塬面拦蓄区、沟头填方截排区、沟坡削方截排消能区和沟道拦蓄区；固沟保塬工程目前遭受表水侵蚀病害、黄土工程地质界面潜蚀病害、截排水渠淤积堵塞病害及黄土沟谷灾害链等4大类病害；固沟保塬工程水文调控机制不明和水土互馈侵蚀灾变机理不清是当前面临的关键科学挑战；未来固沟保塬工程水土侵蚀病害的防治应重视生物土壤结皮、新型土壤改良材料的研发应用以及固沟保塬工程全过程质量监督。研究成果可为未来固沟保塬工程水土侵蚀灾变机理研究和工程规划设计提供借鉴。
Abstract:Due to the influence of extreme rainfall and high intensity human engineering activities, the advance speed of the gully head in the Loess Tableland is intensified, which seriously threatens the economic and social development of the Loess Tableland. In recent years, although large-scale Gully Consolidation and Highland Protection (GCHP) projects have effectively inhibited the development of traceable erosion on Loess tableland, there are still serious problems of soil and water erosion. Based on this situation, this study investigated and analyzed the soil erosion diseases of the typical GCHP Projects through field investigation, literature review, and comprehensive analysis. The results show that the hydrology regulation function of GCHP Projects can be divided into the table-land intercept area, gully head cut row area, gully slope cutting line of energy dissipation, and channel held area. Currently, the GCHP suffers from surface water erosion, subsurface erosion of loess engineering geological interface, blockage of drainage channels, and disaster chain of loess gully. The unclear hydrological control mechanism and the mechanism of soil and water mutual feeding erosion disasters are the key scientific challenges of the project. In the future, attention should be paid to the application of biological soil crust, new soil improvement materials, and the complete quality supervision of gully protection tableland engineering. This study can provide basic information for future research on the mechanism of soil and water erosion disasters and engineering planning and design of the Gugou Plateau.
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表 1 典型固沟保塬工程水土侵蚀病害发育特征统计表
Table 1. Development characteristics of soil and water erosion diseases in typical GCHP
工程地点 沟头高程/m 塬面拦蓄区 沟头填方截排区 沟坡削方截排区 沟道拦蓄区 冯家堡子 1343 1.塬边裂缝
2.塬边落水洞发育1.填方体沉降开裂
2.落水洞发育
3.冲沟发育1.差异性侵蚀
2.浅层滑移
3.截排水渠淤积堵塞1.截排水渠潜蚀悬空
2.淤积堵塞
3.侧蚀滑塌堵沟小崆峒沟 1354 新建海绵设施未见明显病害 1.表水冲沟侵蚀发育
2.轻微界面潜蚀1.冲沟侵蚀极为发育
2.界面潜蚀发育
3.局部浅层滑塌1.多处小型重力失稳
2.大规模边坡滑塌堵沟
3.泄洪渠侵蚀悬空折断火巷沟 1364 1.沉降变形明显
2.未见落水洞1.表水冲沟侵蚀发育
2.界面潜蚀发育
3.溯源侵蚀致路面悬空1.冲沟侵蚀发育
2.界面潜蚀发育
3.局部浅层滑塌1.多处小规模滑塌
2.沟坡削方堆积体滑移驿马沟 1481 1.沉降变形
2.未见落水洞1.表水冲沟侵蚀发育
2.界面潜蚀发育1.苔藓发育较好，未见明显病害 1.截排水渠潜蚀悬空
2.小规模滑塌安家寺 1497 1.串珠状落水洞
2.溯源侵蚀1.冲沟侵蚀严重 1.冲沟侵蚀极为发育
2.潜蚀落水洞极为发育1.小规模滑塌病害 
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