Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of iron-rich groundwater in Xining City
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摘要:
地下水是西宁市的重要供水水源，调查发现其地下水中富铁，限制了开发利用，而针对不同类型含水层中富铁地下水分布特征及其成因缺乏研究。以144组地下水样品水化学测试数据为基础，结合地质和水文地质条件特征，借助统计学和地统计学等方法，研究了不同类型含水层地下水中铁含量的分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明：松散岩类孔隙含水层（Ⅰ区）地下水中Fe超过质量浓度0.3 mg/L的水占27.85%，分别是碎屑岩类裂隙孔隙含水层（Ⅱ区）和基岩裂隙含水层（Ⅲ区）的1.6倍和2.7倍，富铁地下水（质量浓度大于0.3 mg/L）在建设用地中的比例明显高于其他土地利用类型区；还原环境和人类活动（如工业废水、生活污水、富铁河水的入渗）可能是影响Ⅰ区地下水中铁含量升高的主要因素，Ⅱ区中富铁地下水除了受还原环境的影响外，农业氮肥的施用和生活污水的排放也是重要影响因素，Ⅲ区中富铁地下水主要受控于还原条件；在区域尺度上，富铁地下水沿河流呈条带或斑状分布，原生地层中铁矿床和人类活动（工业废水）释放的铁是研究区浅层地下水中铁离子的主要来源，地下水中铁离子的迁移和富集主要受还原条件的控制，径流条件也起到一定作用，与pH无明显相关性，未引起明显的“盐效应”。研究结果可为西宁市及类似干旱—半干旱区城市水环境管理提供科学依据。
Abstract:Groundwater is an important water supply source in Xining City. Previous works have found that iron-rich groundwater limits water development and utilization. However, few studies focus on the distribution characteristics and mechanism of iron-rich groundwater in different types of aquifers in Xining City. Based on the hydrochemical data of 144 groundwater samples, combined with the geological and hydrogeological conditions, the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of iron content in groundwater in different aquifers were analyzed by methods of statistics and geostatistics. The results show that the exceeding standard ratio of iron in groundwater of unconsolidated sediments aquifer (Area Ⅰ) is 27. 85%, which is 1. 6 times and 2. 7 times higher than that of clastic rocks fissure-pore aquifer (Area Ⅱ) and bedrock aquifer (Area Ⅲ), respectively. The proportion of iron-rich groundwater (concentration greater than 0. 3 mg/L) in construction land area is significantly higher than in areas with other land use types. The redox environment and human activities (such as industrial wastewater, domestic sewage, and infiltration of iron-rich river water) may be the main factors affecting the increase of iron content in groundwater in Area I. In addition to the redox environment, Agricultural nitrogen fertilizer use and domestic sewage discharge are also important factors affecting iron-rich groundwater in Area Ⅱ. The iron-rich groundwater in Area Ⅲ is mainly controlled by redox conditions. On the regional scale, the distribution of iron-rich groundwater presents in bands or spots along the river. The iron deposits releasing in the primary strata and human activities (industrial wastewater) are the main source of iron ions in the shallow groundwater in the study area. The migration and enrichment of iron in groundwater are mainly controlled by redox conditions, and affected by the runoff condition, without relation to pH and salt effect. This study can provide scientific basis for urban water environment management in Xining City and similar arid and semi-arid areas.
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Key words:
- groundwater /
- human activities /
- aquifers /
- Fe distribution characteristics /
- influencing factors /
- Xining City
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表 1 水环境中铁质量浓度统计
Table 1. Statistics of iron concentration in groundwater
水点类型 类型区编号 Fe质量浓度/（mg·L−1） 变异系数/% 超标率/% 最大值 最小值 平均值 中位值 地下水 Ⅰ区（n=79） 100.80 <0.01 2.58 0.09 480.46 27.85 Ⅱ区（n=23） 3.09 <0.01 0.41 0.01 238.71 17.39 Ⅲ区（n=40） 0.85 <0.01 0.12 0.04 148.42 10.00 Ⅳ区（n=2） 0.09 <0.01 0.04 0.04 148.42 0.00 整区（n=144） 100.80 <0.01 1.52 0.05 609.17 20.83 地表水 北川河、湟水河（n=27） 2.04 0.04 0.76 0.68 72.64 77.78 注：计算统计Fe的测试数据时，未检出以0.7倍检出限替代；n为样品数量。 
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