Migration patterns of oil leakage from underground oil depots on coral islands and reefs, and its impact on freshwater lenses
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摘要:
在陆地资源日益短缺的背景下，海洋环境的巨大资源潜力使人类开发海洋的进程不断加快。作为经略海洋的远涉枢纽，在岛礁建设地下储油设施将成为开展各项工程的能源基础，然而伴随而来的潜在泄漏风险是不可忽视的，岛礁发生石油泄漏不仅会污染淡水透镜体，甚至会进一步扩散至海洋，对岛礁和海洋生态环境造成极大危害。为探究地下油库泄漏后的污染物迁移规律及其对淡水透镜体的入侵机制，首先通过室内模拟试验确定了污染物迁移特征与主要驱动力，之后利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了相同尺度的数值模型，进一步明确了不同降水强度和油品性质对污染物迁移影响的规律。结果表明：（1）珊瑚岛礁水文地质条件下的石油污染物迁移主要受两种驱动力的影响，一是重力势驱动的垂向迁移，二是岛礁动态地下水流场驱动的向海排泄；（2）岛礁降水补给强度越大，地下水流场驱动污染物向海排泄作用越强，淡水透镜体所受影响越小；（3） 重质非水相类油品污染物呈现出不同于轻质非水相类油品的迁移规律，但其对淡水透镜体无显著影响。研究结果可为珊瑚岛礁开发进程中的油库选址、污染防护以及淡水资源保护提供理论基础与参考依据。
Abstract:Amid the increasing scarcity of terrestrial resources, the vast resource potential of the marine environment has accelerated human exploration and exploitation of the ocean. As a crucial pivot for maritime activities, the construction of underground oil storage facilities on islands and reefs can serve as an energy foundation for various projects. However, the potential risk of oil leaks cannot be overlooked, as oil spills on islands and reefs can contaminate freshwater lenses and even spread further into the ocean, causing significant harm to the ecological environment. To investigate the pollution migration patterns of underground oil storage leaks and their invasion mechanisms into freshwater lenses, This study determined the pollution migration characteristics and primary driving forces through indoor simulation experiments. A numerical model of the same scale was established using COMSOL to further clarify the influence of different rainfall intensities and oil properties on pollution migration. The results indicate that: (1) Oil pollution migration under the hydrogeological conditions of coral islands and reefs is primarily influenced by two driving forces that is vertical migration driven by gravity and seaward discharge driven by the dynamic groundwater flow field on islands and reefs. (2) The stronger the rainfall recharge intensity on islands and reefs, the greater the influence the groundwater flow field on driving pollution seaward, and the less impact on freshwater lenses. (3) DNAPL-type oil pollution exhibits different migration patterns from LNAPL-type oil pollution, but it has no significant impact on freshwater lenses. This study provides a theoretical basis and information for the selection of oil storage sites, pollution prevention, and freshwater resource protection during the development of coral islands and reefs.
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表 1 3 种油品基本性质
Table 1. Basic properties of three types of oils
石油种类 动力黏度/（10−3 Pa·s） 密度/（kg·m−3） 3号喷漆燃料 1.11～7.20 886.5～900.0 船用燃料油 1.05～4.98 775.0～830.0 柴油 2.49～6.84 830.0～855.0 
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表 2 数值模拟参数
Table 2. Parameters in the numerical simulation
参数 值 模型长度/cm 48 模型宽度/cm 26 模型深度/cm 5 网格尺寸/cm 0.01～1.00 网格数量 134910 全新世深度/cm 0～12 更新世深度/cm 12～26 全新世水力传导率/（cm·s−1） 3.3×10−3 更新世水力传导率/（cm·s−1） 2.9×10−2 全新世孔隙度 0.3 更新世孔隙度 0.4 降水补给速率/（mm·min−1） 2.4 淡水密度/（kg·m−3） 1000 海水密度/（kg·m−3） 1025 海水盐浓度/（mol·m−3） 1000 石油密度/（kg·m−3） 850 水相动力黏度/（10−3 Pa·s） 1.00 水相相对渗透率 $ S_1^2 $ 油相动力黏度/（10−3 Pa·s） 5.00 油相相对渗透率 $ S_2^2 $ 纵向弥散系数/cm 0.050 横向弥散系数/cm 0.005 注：表中S1为水相饱和度；S2为油相饱和度。
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表 3 2 种DNAPL类油品基本性质
Table 3. Basic properties of two DNAPL-type oils
石油种类 密度/（kg·m−3） 动力黏度/（10−3 Pa·s） 第1 种超重质石油（ρa<ρs） 1015 101.5 第2种超重质石油（ρa>ρs） 1050 105.0 注：表中ρa为石油密度。
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