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摘要:
地下水-地表水交互过程涉及物质运移与能量传输，对流域水文生态环境有着直接影响，已成为近年来水文地质等领域的研究热点。研究表明，地下水-地表水集成模型是研究地下水与地表水交互的有效手段。通过回顾近年来地下水-地表水集成模型的相关研究，概述了地下水-地表水集成模型分类、模型误差来源、模型应用、面临挑战与发展趋势等5方面内容。其中，地下水-地表水集成模型根据耦合方案可分为完全耦合模型和松散耦合模型；模型误差来源主要包括地形处理方案、驱动数据、模型参数化方案、人为因素和认知的有限性等5类；目前，集成模型广泛应用于气候变化和人类活动影响下的地下水-地表水规律变化以及水资源管理与优化配置方面的研究。随着水文学研究的深入发展，地下水-地表水集成模型面临着基础数据需求增大、硬件平台要求提高、模拟范围难以准确把握和学科交叉趋势明显等挑战；未来集成模型将向拓宽参数获取渠道、提高模型计算效率和加强不同学科融合等方面发展。
Abstract:Groundwater-surface water interaction involves material transport and energy transfer processes, which directly impacts the hydro-ecological environment of watersheds. It is a crucial component of the hydrological cycle which has become a hot issue in hydrogeology in recent years. The integrated groundwater-surface water models serve as a powerful tool for studying groundwater-surface water interaction. This paper reviewed recent studies on integrated groundwater-surface water models, providing an overview in five aspects: classification of integrated groundwater-surface water models, sources of model bias, model application, challenges, and trend of model development. Integrated models are categorized into fully coupled and loosely coupled models based on coupling schemes. There are five categories of sources of integrated model bias, including topographic processing, meteorological forcing bias, model parameters, anthropogenic process, and epistemic limitations. The integrated models are widely used to study the changes in groundwater-surface water patterns under the influences of climate change and human activities, and to research water resources management and optimization. In addition, the integrated models are facing multiple challenges, such as the increasing demand for basic data, higher requirements for hardware platforms, the difficulty in accurately determining the modeling region, and the evident trend of interdisciplinary integration. Finally, the integrated model development is expected to focus on enriching the approaches to obtaining model parameters, improving the simulation efficiency, and strengthening the integration of model coupling with different disciplines.
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表 1 常用地下水-地表水集成模型简介
Table 1. Model description
耦合方案 模型 地下方案 地表方案 耦合策略 特征 参考文献 完全耦合 ParFlow 有限体积 运动波/扩散波 压力连续 以瞬变偏微分方程描述各种水流运动，
应用数值分析建立相邻网格之间的时空关系，
不同界面之间的水量交换作为源汇项处理[29] CATHY 有限元 扩散波 界面切换 [11] HGS 有限差分/有限元 扩散波 一阶转换 [30] InHM 有限体积 扩散波 一阶转换 [31] 松散耦合 MODFLOW 有限差分 运动波 地下水数值模型取代分布式水文模型的地下水模块，
借助于公共参量的传递和反馈进行耦合[32] FEFLOW 有限元 一维非稳态流 一阶转换 [33] GSFLOW 有限差分 PRMS组件 一阶转换 [34] 
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表 2 地下水-地表水集成模型模拟结果误差来源
Table 2. Potential sources of bias acting on integrated groundwater-surface water model simulation results
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