Optimization analysis of initial support for tunnels in water-rich fault zone based on fluid-solid interaction
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摘要:
穿越富水断层区隧道初期支护的研究主要集中在隧道断面破碎带突水、突泥机制以及隧道富水段支护结构的受力特征，但对穿越富水断层区隧道初期支护参数的选择研究较少。以赣州—深圳（赣深）铁路客运专线的龙南隧道为工程背景，基于流固耦合理论，采用FLAC3D对穿越F8富水断层区隧道开挖和支护全过程进行数值模拟；结合断层区的工程与水文地质条件以及六部CD法的施工特点，选取断层区中间部位的中轴线、左拱顶区、右拱顶区3个监测点的沉降值建立偏差平方和函数ST，分析拱顶变形、塑性区体积及渗流场变化特征。模拟结果表明：（1）钢拱架的合理间距为1.0 m，喷射混凝土的合理厚度为26～30 cm，并通过三次曲线拟合得出该典型断面喷射混凝土的最优厚度为28 cm；（2）钢拱架间距为1.0 m时，塑性区体积随初支混凝土厚度增大而减小，当初支喷射混凝土厚度大于28 cm时，塑性区体积减小幅度很小，通过增加喷射混凝土厚度来提高初支结构的安全性是不经济的，验证了初支钢拱架间距和喷射混凝土厚度优化的合理性；（3）在最优初支条件下，隧道渗流量较为明显部位是拱脚>边墙>拱底>拱顶；（4）将模拟结果与监测结果对比，两者虽然有所差异，但变化规律相近，量级一致，模拟结果能够反映实际情况。研究结果可为类似地层条件下的隧道施工与支护提供参考价值和理论依据。
Abstract:The design of tunnel support structures in water-rich fault zones often relies on empirical and analogy-based methods, lacking rigorous and rational optimization methods. To ensure the stability of tunnel, designers frequently overestimate support parameters, resulting in excessive safety margins, construction challenges, and unnecessary economic costs. Based on the fluid-structure coupling theory, this study simulated the whole process of tunnel excavation and support across F8 water-rich fault zone by FLAC3D in the background of Longnan tunnel of Ganzhou−Shenzhen railway. Combined with the engineering and hydrogeological conditions of the fault zone and the construction characteristics of the six CD methods, the center axis, left vault area, and right vault area of the middle part of the fault zone were selected to establish the deviation square sum function (ST). The results show that the reasonable space of steel arch frame is 1.0 m, and the recommended shotcrete thickness ranges from 26 to 30 cm, with 28 cm being optimal based on cubic curve fitting. When the space between steel arch frames is 1.0 m, the volume of the plastic zone decreases with the increase of the thickness of the initial branch of shotcrete. However, beyond 28 cm, the marginal benefit diminishes significantly, making further increases uneconomical. To improve the safety of the initial-support structure, and the rationality of the optimization of the spacing of the initial-support steel arch frame and the thickness of shotcrete is verified. Under the optimal initial support condition, the primary seepage pathways are ordered as follows: arch foot > side wall > arch bottom > Arch crown. Comparison between simulated and field-monitored results reveals consistent trends and similar magnitudes, indicating that the simulation accurately reflects actual field behavior. This study provides the theoretical basis for tunnel construction and support design in similar water-rich fault zones.
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表 1 初期支护参数
Table 1. Initial support parameters
项目 重度
/（kN·m−3）弹性模量
/GPa泊松比 抗压强度
/MPa抗拉强度
/MPaC25混凝土 22 22.1 0.24 12.5 1.3 C25+HW175型钢 23 40.0 0.20 20.8 1.5 锚杆 210.0 0.20 
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表 2 物理力学参数
Table 2. Physical and mechanical parameters
项目 重度
/（kN·m−3）弹性模量
/GPa泊松比 内摩擦角
/（°）黏聚力
/kPa渗透系数
/（cm·s−1）Ⅴ级围岩 20 1.2 0.38 24 140 1.74×10−4 断层破碎带 17 0.9 0.40 14 90 1.96×10−2 注浆加固圈 20 6.0 0.30 30 400 1.00×10−4
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