Progress in developments and applications of the HYDRUS model and associated coupling model packages
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摘要:
HYDRUS模型由于可以综合考虑土壤-植物-大气系统中水、热及污染物的运移，已被广泛应用于农业灌溉和污染运移的模拟，但已有关于HYDRUS模型的综述尚缺乏对植物根系影响下水分和溶质运移模拟以及对低影响开发（low impact development，LID）设施模拟的总结。文章系统综述了植物根系影响下HYDRUS模型对水、盐和氮、重金属及有机物等污染物运移的模拟以及对LID设施的模拟，并分析了影响模拟精度的因素。结果表明，HYDRUS模型可以很好地模拟植物根系影响下水分和盐分以及污染物等溶质的运移，但模拟精度受到植物根系、土壤及其物理化学生物特征等多种因素的影响。同时，由于模型相关参数可以通过历史文献、实验测量、模型预测和参数反演等不同方式确定，模拟效果也有一定差异。未来，应重点考虑以下几方面的研究：（1）HYDRUS模型对植物根系效应的模拟应重点考虑植物不同生长年限、不同植物根系类型以及不同根长、根直径、根体积和根密度等根系特征；（2）HYDRUS模型对新污染物运移的模拟需要进一步积累大量新污染物运移参数，包括扩散、吸附和降解等；（3）HYDRUS模型对包气带介质的非均质性需要进一步详细刻画及模拟；（4）HYDRUS模型对参数的获取及确定需要结合机器学习和人工智能手段进一步加强；（5）HYDRUS耦合模型仍需进一步开发及应用，以实现对渗流过程中地表水-土壤水-饱和地下水的全过程模拟。
Abstract:HYDRUS model is widely used in agricultural irrigation and pollution transport because it can comprehensively consider the movement of water, heat, and pollutants in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. However, there is no summary of water and solute transport simulations under the influence of plant roots and the simulation of Low Impact Development (LID) facilities. This paper systematically summarized the simulation of water, salt, nitrogen, heavy metals and organic substances under the influence of plant roots and the simulation of LID facilities, and analyzed the simulation accuracy. The results show that HYDRUS can well simulate the movement of water, salts, and pollutants under the influence of plant roots, but the simulation accuracy is affected by many factors such as plant roots, soil and its physical, and chemical and biological characteristics. Additionally, since the relevant model parameters can be determined by historical documents, experimental measurements, and model prediction and inversion, the simulation results are also different. Future research should focus on the following aspects: (1) Considering the effects of different planting years, different root types, and different root characteristics such as root length, root diameter, root volume, and root density in the simulation of plant root effect by HYDRUS. (2) Accumulating more transport parameters for new pollutants, including diffusion, adsorption, and degradation, to improve the simulation of pollutant transport. (3) Enhancing the description and simulation of the heterogeneity of unsaturated zone media. (4) Strengthening the acquisition and determination of parameters through the integration of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. (5) Further developing and applying HYDRUS coupling models to enable comprehensive simulations of the entire process of surface water, soil water, and saturated groundwater during seepage.
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Key words:
- seepage /
- plant /
- aerated zone /
- HYDRUS /
- new pollutants
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表 1 基于HYDRUS模型的不同植被类型影响下土壤水分运移模拟研究
Table 1. Simulations on the soil water transport under the influences of different plant types based on HYDRUS
植被 研究内容 参数确定 模拟效果 参考文献 草本植物 茵陈篙 利用HYDRUS-1D分析根系效应在不同水文
条件下对湿地水分垂向通量的影响历史文献+试验测定+
反演率定RMSE：0.017～0.120 cm3/cm3
R2：0.87～0.91[12] 狼尾草、
紫花苜蓿利用HYDRUS-1D模拟不同水文年气候特征
下的蒸发和蒸腾过程试验测定+人工调试+
反演率定R2：0.67～0.80
R2：0.72～0.74[13] 小麦 利用HYDRUS-1D模拟研究影响水分运移的驱动因素 试验测定+模型预测 RMSE： 0.0053 ～0.0348 cm3/cm3
NSE：0.782～0.897[14] 木本植物 苹果 利用HYDRUS-1D模拟苹果园深度10 m剖面
土壤水分的垂直分布和时间变化试验测定+反演率定 RMSE：0.01～0.02 cm3/cm3
R2：0.65～0.85
NSE：0.55～0.83[15] 毛白杨 利用HYDRUS-2D/3D模拟毛白杨人工林地土壤
水分短期运移规律的精度和可行性试验测定+模型预测+
反演率定RMSE：0.017～0.023 cm3/cm3
R2：0.85～0.99[16] 注：RMSE 为均方根误差；R2 为决定系数；NSE为纳什效率系数。 
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表 2 基于HYDRUS模型的包气带不同污染物运移模拟研究
Table 2. Simulations on the migration of the different pollutants in vadose zone based on HYDRUS
污染物 研究内容 参数确定 模拟效果 参考文献 氮 氨氮 利用HYDRUS-1D模拟 ${\mathrm{NH}}^+_4 $ 在壤土中的运移试验测定+模型反演 RMSE：0.020～0.034 mg/L
R2：0.87～0.98[25] 硝氮 利用HYDRUS-1D模拟农业区非饱和带的含水量和 ${\mathrm{NO}}^-_3 $ 分布历史文献+模型反演 RMSE： 0.0059 mg/cm3
MAE：0.0032 mg/cm3[26] 重金属 Cr 利用HYDRUS-1D模拟Cr6+浓度、流速及pH对Cr6+在土壤中运移的影响 试验测定+反演率定 R2：0.978～0.998 [27] 有机物 全氟化合物（PFCs） 利用HYDRUS-1D模拟PFCs在土壤中的运移 试验测定+模型反演 RMSE：0.069～0.113 mg/L
R2：0.967～0.991[28] 注：MAE为平均绝对误差。
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表 3 基于HYDRUS的不同土壤质地和灌溉方式土壤水盐运移模拟研究
Table 3. Simulations on the soil water and salt transport under different soil textures and irrigation methods based on HYDRUS
类型 研究内容 参数确定 模拟效果 参考文献 土壤
质地黏土 利用HYDRUS-1D模拟微咸水灌溉条件下含黏土夹层土壤的水分和盐分运移规律 历史文献+反演率定 RMSE：0.008～0.023 dS/m [39] 砂土 利用HYDRUS-1D研究砂土对水盐运移影响 历史文献 — [40] 夹砂层 利用HYDRUS-1D模拟不同夹砂层分布下的玉米农田蒸散发、
土壤水分深层渗漏与地下水补给、玉米根系吸水等过程试验测定 R2：0.89～0.94
NSE：0.85～0.94
RMSE：0.06～0.10 cm3/cm3[41] 灌溉
方式滴灌 利用HYDRUS-2D模拟盐碱地农田土壤盐分运移 试验测定+模型预测 RMSE：0.39～1.26 g/kg
NSE：0.66～0.97[42] 畦灌 利用HYDRUS-3D模拟畦灌模式下盐随水动的驱动过程 试验测定+模型预测 RMSE：0.176～0.231 mg/cm3 [43] 沟灌 利用HYDRUS-3D模拟一个灌水周期内田间土壤水盐运移 试验测定+模型预测 RMSE：0.166～0.272 mg/cm3 [44]
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表 4 基于HYDRUS模型不同LID措施下雨水径流及其污染物迁移模拟研究
Table 4. Simulations on the rainwater runoff and pollutant migration under different LID measures based on HYDRUS
LID措施 研究内容 参数确定 模拟效果 参考文献 生物滞留池 利用HYDRUS-1D 分析不同水力负荷、蓄水层高和初始
含水率影响因素下生物滞留设施雨水径流水文调控效应试验测定+模型预测 RMSE：0.038～0.134 cm3/cm3
R2：0.894～0.999[53] 绿色屋顶 研究HYDRUS-1D在预测不同空间尺度下浅层和
大面积绿屋顶水文行为方面的适用性试验测定+模型预测 NSE：0.16
RSR：0.84[59] 雨水花园 利用HYDRUS-1D计算次降雨入渗补给系数 试验测定+模型预测 NSE：0.804～0.957
R2：0.824～0.969[60] 透水铺装 利用HYDRUS-1D研究透水铺装的
水力特性以及填料的水力参数试验测定+历史文献+模型反演 NSE：0.91～0.99
R2：0.83～0.91[61] 注：RSR为均方根误差与测量数据标准差之比。
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表 5 不同HYDRUS耦合模型功能特点比较
Table 5. Comparison of functional characteristics of different HYDRUS coupling models
耦合模型 耦合类型 模拟功能 模型应用 参考文献 MODFLOW-
HYDRUS迭代耦合 可以实时计算包气带和饱水带的水分交换量，降水入渗或灌溉入渗补给量、
潜水蒸发量具有自适应性，提高了非饱和带和饱和带上边界源汇项的计算精度，
增加了数值模拟的仿真度分析不同情景下地下水水位
控制范围及排水效果[66] SHAW-
HYDRUS迭代耦合 可以模拟全年际（作物主要为生育期、秋浇期和冻融期）的水量、热量和溶质运移过程 为季节性冻融区膜下滴灌农田
确定合理的非生育期淋洗制度[67] DSSAT-
HYDRUS迭代耦合 可以将作物参数和天气数据作为输入参数来计算作物生长，模拟农作物生长发育
期间的营养生长和生殖生长等，而且可以对气象和土壤参数实现准确的定量预估预测不同环境下土壤水动态
变化情况和作物生长发育情况[68] EPIC-
HYDRUS迭代耦合 可以推导基于保护地下水的土壤风险控制值，评估盐度胁迫对蒸散、粮食产量和水分
利用效率的影响，以及长期使用盐水对粮食产量和盐分积累的影响应用于土壤与地下水
治理修复或风险管控[69]
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