Characteristics of groundwater circulation in typical karst trough areas：A case study of Longtan trough valley in Youyang, Chongqing
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摘要:
西南岩溶槽谷区地下水资源丰富，但有关槽谷区不同部位和类型岩溶地下水的循环特征及其差异的认识还不深入。以重庆酉阳龙潭槽谷为例，采用流量衰减法以及水均衡原理等方法，系统分析了槽谷顺、逆层坡不同性质岩溶泉水的流量衰减过程、水源组成、补给特征及调蓄作用。结果表明：研究区地下水单次流量衰减过程可分为2个阶段，第一阶段的衰减系数比下一阶段的衰减系数高至少1个量级，不同含水介质特征明显，岩溶水的水源组分主要为含水层内部存储的裂隙水；顺坡地下河补给面积为66.15 km2，逆坡表层岩溶泉补给面积仅为0.90 km2，两泉次降雨补给系数在季节变化上呈现出冬春季大、夏季小的特点；顺、逆层岩溶泉水系统在5—9月以地下水储存作用为主，在其他月份，主要表现为地下水的释放；顺坡常流泉全年流量波动幅度相对较小，泉域调蓄能力较强，逆坡季节泉在夏季伏旱期会出现断流现象。本研究揭示了槽谷区顺、逆层坡不同性质岩溶水系统补给、调蓄以及排泄等水循环过程的特征差异，为区域地下水资源开发利用提供科学依据。
Abstract:Although the southwest karst valley region of China has an abundance of groundwater resources, little is known about the variations in the karst trough valley’s groundwater types and their cycle features. Using the Chongqing Youyang Longtan trough valley as a case study, this research systematically analyzed the flow attenuation process, water source composition, recharge characteristics, and storage role of karst springs on the downstream and reverse slopes of the valley by the methods of hydrological impulse function simulation, water balance principle, and flow attenuation. The results show that the attenuation process of single spring flow in the study area can be divided into two stages, with the attenuation coefficient of the first stage being at least one order of magnitude higher than that of the second stage. The characteristics of different water-bearing media are clearly distinct, with the primary source of karst water being the fissure water stored within the aquifer. The theoretical recharge area of the downslope karst spring is 66.15 km2, while that of the inverse-slope seasonal karst spring is only 0.99 km2. The recharge coefficients of the two springs in the seasonal changes are large in winter and spring and small in summer. There are significant fluctuations in the flow rate of downslope normal-flow springs throughout the year, but these springs have a strong capacity to store water, and the inverse-slope seasonal spring can also store water. From May to September, the system of downslope and inverse karst springs is mainly dominated by groundwater storage, while groundwater release occurs predominantly in the other months. During the summer drought, the downslope seasonal springs ma experience broken flow. This study offers a scientific foundation for the development and utilization of groundwater resources in the area by highlighting the variations in the features of the water cycle processes of recharge, storage, and discharge of karst springs with various properties on the downslope and reverse slope of the trough area.
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Key words:
- karst spring /
- underground river /
- attenuation /
- recharge /
- regulation and storage /
- karst trough valley
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表 1 龙洞塘和老泉的水源构成
Table 1. Composition of water sources in Longdongtang and Laoquan
研究点 洪峰日期 水源组分（第一衰减期） 水源组分（第二衰减期） 管道流/L 占比/% 裂隙流/L 占比/% 裂隙流/L 占比/% 龙洞塘 7月8日 24489.75 24.86 45489.04 46.18 28532.17 28.96 7月29日 7064.49 11.58 12507.05 20.49 41460.41 67.93 10月23日 12556.83 9.02 24873.65 17.86 101850.80 73.13 11月22日 23353.60 10.04 50033.51 21.51 159253.94 68.45 老泉 5月16日 563.89 69.27 166.76 20.49 83.37 10.24 6月3日 249.77 49.56 209.04 41.48 45.16 8.96 8月25日 123.26 17.15 85.45 11.88 509.98 70.95 11月21日 1308.59 42.51 441.54 14.35 1327.87 43.14 
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表 2 龙洞塘和老泉降雨量与单次降雨补给系数
Table 2. Changes in rainfall and secondary rainfall recharge coefficients at Longdongtang and Laoquan
龙洞塘 老泉 时间 单次降雨量/mm 补给系数 时间 单次降雨量/mm 补给系数 2月16日 2.4 0.632 2月16日 2.4 0.394 3月22日 3.0 0.703 3月2日 1.4 0.746 6月2日 37.6 0.022 3月16日 8.0 0.172 6月28日 102.0 0.024 5月16日 57.0 0.017 8月25日 34.2 0.045 6月3日 8.4 0.120 9月19日 20.0 0.127 6月27日 73.4 0.006 11月7日 6.8 0.335 8月9日 114.2 0.021 11月21日 18.4 0.151 8月24日 40.8 0.004
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表 3 龙洞塘、老泉2021年气象水文要素
Table 3. Meteorological and Hydrological Elements for Long Dong Tang and Laoquan in 2021
气象水文要素 龙洞塘 老泉 补给面积/km2 66.15 0.90 平均气温/°C 17.11 17.11 年降水量/mm 1417 1417 年地下水径流量/mm 365 224 年蒸散发量/mm 869 869 年调蓄量/mm 79 38 年地下水径流系数 0.26 0.16 年调蓄系数 0.22 0.17 注：年地下水径流量、年蒸散发量与年调蓄量均以流域面平均水流深度表示，故为/mm。
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