Review of techniques and case studies for saline-alkali land amelioration in the coastal regions of China
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摘要:
土壤盐碱化是农业生产和生态环境建设面临的重大问题之一。随着我国滨海地区的快速发展，土地资源愈发紧缺，改良利用滨海盐碱地的需求日益迫切，相关研究成果不断丰富。然而，现有针对滨海盐碱地改良技术的综述研究多以物理、化学等基于学科的分类方式划分改良技术，难以指导实际工程中改良技术的选择和应用。因此，文章旨在系统梳理现有滨海盐碱地改良技术，总结更易于实践的技术分类方式，以指导实际工程应用。文章通过系统收集和筛选我国滨海盐碱地改良相关研究文献，综合对比和总结不同改良技术的优劣性及适用范围，依据其调控改良目标进行技术分类，并选取不同条件下高效改良方案进行案例分析。研究结果表明：（1）滨海盐碱地主要成因为成土盐分高、土壤理化性质差、毛细返盐作用强；（2）滨海盐碱地改良技术可根据调控改良目标划分为淋滤除盐技术、土壤理化性质改良技术、抑制返盐技术、生物改良技术四类；（3）淋滤除盐与土壤理化性质改良技术在滨海地区应用最广泛，抑制返盐技术多用于高盐地区，生物改良技术应根据盐分水平的不同选择适宜的植物品种，在轻度盐碱化土壤中，适宜种植耐盐作物从而兼顾生态与经济效益。基于对改良技术的总结分析，文章提出了滨海盐碱地针对性改良技术体系构建、滨海盐碱土改良过程中水资源的高效与安全利用、加强多学科交叉的滨海盐碱地改良技术方法研究及滨海盐碱地改良的长效性管理等研究方向，以期为滨海盐碱地的高效治理及可持续利用提供参考。
Abstract:Soil salinization is one of the major challenges in agricultural production and ecological development. With the rapid development of China’s coastal areas, land resources are becoming increasingly scarce, creating an urgent need for the improvement and utilization of coastal saline-alkali land. Research findings in this area are continually expanding. However, most existing reviews of coastal saline-alkali land improvement technologies are classified based on disciplines such as physics and chemistry, which limits their guidance on technology selection and application in practical engineering. Therefore, this paper aims to systematically review current coastal saline-alkali land improvement technologies and summarize classification methods that are more practical for guiding real-world engineering applications. This paper systematically collected and screened relevant literature on the improvement of coastal saline-alkali land in China, comprehensively compared and summarized the advantages, disadvantages, and application scopes of various improvement technologies, categorized these technologies according to their regulatory and improvement objectives, and selected efficient improvement schemes under different conditions for case analysis. The findings indicate that: (1) The primary causes of coastal saline-alkali land are high soil salinity, poor physical and chemical properties of the soil, and strong capillary rise of salts. (2) Coastal saline-alkali land improvement technologies can be divided into four categories based on regulatory and improvement objectives: leaching and desalination technology, soil physical and chemical properties improvement technology, salt rise inhibition technology, and biological improvement technology. (3) Leaching and desalination, as well as soil physical and chemical properties improvement, are the most widely applied technologies in coastal areas. Salt rise inhibition technology is mainly used in areas with high salinity, while biological improvement technology involves selecting suitable plant varieties according to different salt levels. In mildly salinized soil, planting salt-tolerant crops can balance ecological and economic benefits. Based on the summary and analysis of improvement technologies, this paper proposes research directions for constructing targeted improvement technology systems for coastal saline-alkali land, ensuring efficient and safe utilization of water resources during the amelioration process, strengthening interdisciplinary research on improvement techniques, and establishing long-term management practices. These insights aim to provide basic information for efficient management and sustainable use of coastal saline-alkali land.
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表 1 我国滨海盐碱地改良案例
Table 1. Case studies on the amelioration of coastal saline-alkali land in China
文献 分布区 研究区 前期条件 改良技术类别 改良具体方案 改良效果 [107] 滨渤海盐碱土分布区 辽宁省
盘锦市土壤体积电导率5.32 dS/m，
生物多样性低生物改良技术 建设防护林 土壤体积电导率1.29～2.20 dS/m，
生物多样性显著提升[108] 天津市
宁河区土壤含盐量2.27 g/kg，
pH值8.87淋滤除盐技术，土壤理化性质改良技术 灌溉淋洗，添加土壤改良剂 土壤含盐量1.42 g/kg，
pH值8.47[109] 天津市
滨海新区土壤含盐量13.04～14.32 g/kg 淋滤除盐技术，抑制返盐技术 灌溉淋洗，地下排水暗管 土壤含盐量0.94～8.65 g/kg [110] 河北省
唐山市土壤容重平均
1.73 g/cm3，
土壤饱和电导率25 dS/m，
水位埋深0.5～3.0 m淋滤除盐技术，土壤理化性质改良技术，抑制返盐技术，生物改良技术 滴灌，土壤旋耕，铺设隔盐，建设防护林 土壤容重平均1.45 g/cm3，
土壤饱和电导率0.81 dS/m，
植被覆盖度显著增加[110] 河北省
海兴县土壤含盐量7.74 g/kg，
水位埋深0.9～1.5 m淋滤除盐技术，抑制返盐技术 咸水结冰灌溉，地膜覆盖 土壤含盐量约2 g/kg，
土壤细菌丰度显著增加[111] 山东省
垦利县土壤浸提液电导率
约0.8 dS/m土壤理化性质改良技术，抑制返盐技术 土壤旋耕，地膜覆盖 土壤浸提液电导率约0.3 dS/m [112] 黄河三角洲 耕层含盐量大于0.5%，
土壤有机质含量13 g/kg土壤理化性质改良技术，生物改良技术 生态种养循环：耐盐牧草种植-养殖-生物有机肥生产-盐碱地改良和肥力提升 耕层含盐量小于0.2%，
土壤有机质含量16 g/kg[113] 滨黄海、东海盐碱土分布区 江苏省
连云港市土壤含盐量32.3 g/kg，
水位埋深0.56～150.00 cm淋滤除盐技术，土壤理化性质改良技术，抑制返盐技术 灌溉淋洗，地下排水暗管，基质改良，铺设隔盐层，数值模拟预测 土壤含盐量2.3 g/kg，
有效抑制返盐[114] 江苏省
南通市土壤含盐量2.6%～4.2%，
有机质含量不足0.1%，
水位埋深1 m左右淋滤除盐技术，土壤理化性质改良技术，抑制返盐技术，生物改良技术 灌溉淋洗，地表深排沟，地下秸秆排水，秸秆覆盖，添加土壤改良剂，植物栽种 土壤含盐量0.1%～0.5%，
有机质含量1.9%，
耐盐作物长势良好[115] 浙江省
慈溪市土壤含盐量超10 g/kg，
有机质含量不足6 g/kg土壤理化性质改良技术，抑制返盐技术，生物改良技术 地形整平，排盐沟渠，植物地被覆盖，铺设棉花秸秆隔盐层 土壤含盐量小于2 g/kg，
有机质含量超10 g/kg[116] 滨南海盐碱土分布区 福建省
平潭县土壤含水量较低，
孔隙度不足45%，
pH值8.89土壤理化性质改良技术 添加土壤改良剂 土壤含水量提高24.8%，
孔隙度超50%，
pH值7.65[117] 广东省
湛江市滨海酸性盐碱化土壤
（土壤含盐量0.2%～0.6%）生物改良技术 种植海水稻 海水稻正常生长
微生物丰度及活性显著提升[118] 海南省
文昌市土壤含盐量3.36 g/kg，
pH值6.35，
有机质含量、微生物丰度低淋滤除盐技术，土壤理化性质改良技术 灌溉淋洗，添加土壤改良剂 土壤含盐量2.86～3.13 g/kg，
pH值7.43～7.51，
有机质含量、微生物丰度提高
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表 2 滨海盐碱地改良技术优缺点及适用范围
Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of coastal saline-alkali land improvement technology and its application scope
改良技术类别 优点 缺点 适用范围 淋滤除盐技术 原理简单，效果显著 消耗水资源，存在引发次生盐碱化
及环境污染的风险适用范围广泛，需根据水资源状况确定合理的盐分淋洗策略 土壤理化性质改良技术 快速生效，材料多样 改良的长效性不足，可能污染环境 适用范围广泛，可依据改良地区水文地质条件
及资源状况选择适宜的改良剂抑制返盐技术 机理明确，操作性强 成本高昂，参数需评估 主要应用于地下水埋深浅的高盐地区 生物改良技术 生态良好，经济高效 存在生态风险，耐盐品种有限 可根据改良区盐分含量确定植被类型
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