淮北平原浅层地下水化学特征及水质动态研究

朱春芳; 龚建师; 檀梦皎; 陶小虎; 周锴锷; 王赫生; 李亮; 秦曦

doi:10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202409072

淮北平原浅层地下水化学特征及水质动态研究

中国地质调查局南京地质调查中心，江苏南京　210016

基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20230079）

详细信息

作者简介: 朱春芳（1982—），女，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事水工环地质调查研究工作。E-mail:275677116@qq.com

通讯作者: 龚建师（1979—），男，本科，正高级工程师，主要从事水工环地质调查研究工作。E-mail: janso101@163.com

中图分类号: P641.3

收稿日期: 2024-09-18

修回日期: 2024-11-13

刊出日期: 2025-05-15

Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality dynamic analysis of shallow groundwater in Huaibei Plain

Nanjing Center, China Geological Survey, Nanjing, Jiangsu　210016, China

More Information

Corresponding author: GONG Jianshi, janso101@163.com

Received Date: 18 September 2024

Revised Date: 13 November 2024

Publish Date: 15 May 2025

摘要

摘要:
浅层地下水是淮北平原最重要的农业用水供水水源，水质状况广受关注。文章采用数理统计、舒卡列夫分类、Piper三线图和水质综合评价得出淮北平原浅层地下水化学特征及水质现状，运用Gibbs图和离子比值关系分析了水化学物质来源，应用主成分分析法筛选影响地下水质量的典型因子并推演时空演变规律。结果表明：淮北平原浅层地下水多为弱碱性淡水，pH值6.6～8.6，溶解性总固体192～5302 mg/L，主要水化学类型共8类，主要阴离子为${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $，阳离子为Na⁺、Ca²⁺，地下水质量以Ⅳ类水为主；水岩作用主要受硅酸盐岩-碳酸盐岩岩石风化作用影响，从上游淮北平原到中游淮北平原，岩石风化溶解的水岩作用由碳酸盐岩向硅酸盐岩再向蒸发盐岩演化。通过主成分分析选取溶解性总固体、耗氧量、硝酸盐作为典型因子研究水质动态演化规律，淮北平原浅层地下水质量在2010—2021年经历了明显好转后略有下降，但典型因子的表现不尽相同；受原生地质环境影响，淮北平原浅层地下水可溶物质总量趋向于面状集中分布，高值点增多且大多分布于中游淮北平原，氧化还原条件从还原环境向氧化环境演变，2010—2018年农业活动等人为污染在上游淮北平原局部加重，但在2018年后得到明显改善。研究结果可为淮北平原浅层地下水污染防治、地下水资源保护提供支撑。
- 淮北平原 /
- 浅层地下水 /
- 水化学特征 /
- 水质 /
- 主成分分析
Abstract:
Shallow groundwater is the most important source of agricultural water supply in Huaibei Plain, and its water quality has attracted wide attention. In this study, mathematical statistics, Shukarev classification, Piper diagram, and comprehensive evaluation of water quality were used to obtain the Hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater in Huaibei Plain. The sources of water chemicals were analyzed by Gibbs diagram and ion ratio relationship, while principal component analysis (PCA) was used to screen key factors influencing water quality. The spatiotemporal evolution of groundwater quality was further examined. The results show that the shallow groundwater in Huaibei Plain is mostly weakly alkaline fresh water, with pH values of 6.6–8.6 and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from 192 mg/L to 5302 mg/L. The groundwater exhibits eight hydrochemical types, with ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $as the dominant anion and Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ as the primary cations, and is primarily classified as Class IV water in terms of quality. The water-rock interaction is mainly affected by the weathering of silicate-carbonate rocks. From the upper reaches of the Huaibei Plain to the middle reaches of the Huaibei Plain, the water-rock interaction of dissolved rock weathering evolves from carbonate rocks to silicate-carbonate rocks and then to evaporative rocks. Through principal component analysis, total dissolved solids, oxygen consumption, and nitrate were identified as key indicators for analyzing groundwater quality dynamics. From 2010 to 2021, groundwater quality showed significant improvement, followed by a slight decline. However, different key indicators exhibited varied trends. Due to the natural geological environment, the total amount of soluble substances in shallow groundwater in the Huaibei Plain tends to be distributed in a planar pattern, and the high value points increased, and most of them are distributed in the middle reaches of the Huaibei Plain. The redox condition changes from reducing environment to oxidizing environment. From 2010 to 2018, agricultural activities increased in the upper reaches of the Huaibei Plain, but notable improvements have been observed since 2018. This study provides technical support for the prevention and control of shallow groundwater pollution and protection of groundwater resources in Huaibei Plain area.
- Huaibei Plain /
- shallow groundwater /
- hydrochemical characteristics /
- water quality /
- principal component analysis

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图 1 淮北平原浅层地下水采样点分布图

Figure 1.

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图 2 淮北平原水文地质剖面图

Figure 2.

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图 3 淮北平原浅层地下水Piper三线图

Figure 3.

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图 4 淮北平原浅层地下水水化学类型分区图

Figure 4.

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图 5 淮北平原浅层地下水适用于集中式生活饮用水水源及工农业用水比例变化图

Figure 5.

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图 6 淮北平原地下水质量综合评价分区图

Figure 6.

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图 7 淮北平原浅层地下水Gibbs图

Figure 7.

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图 8 淮北平原${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $/ Na⁺、Mg²⁺/Na⁺ 与Ca²⁺/Na⁺离子浓度比值关系

Figure 8.

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图 9 淮北平原浅层地下水溶解性总固体分区图

Figure 9.

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图 10 淮北平原浅层地下水耗氧量质量浓度分区图

Figure 10.

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图 11 淮北平原浅层地下水硝酸盐质量浓度分区图

Figure 11.

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表 1 样品水化学特征

Table 1. Statistics of major ions in groundwater

项目	pH值	总硬度 /（mg·L⁻¹）	溶解性总固体 /（mg·L⁻¹）	质量浓度（ρ）/（mg·L⁻¹）
项目	pH值	总硬度 /（mg·L⁻¹）	溶解性总固体 /（mg·L⁻¹）	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺	${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2- } $	Cl⁻	${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $	${\mathrm{NO}}^-_3 $	F⁻	I⁻	Mn
平均值	7.61	411	798	84.5	48.8	1.5	131.9	138.0	102.4	489.2	3.4	0.86	0.04	0.37
中位值	7.60	362	596	77.6	38.5	0.7	70.0	64.7	52.8	457.0	0.4	0.72	0	0.26
最小值	6.60	70	192	14.7	6.0	0.04	7.9	0.16	1.8	13.9	—	0.06	—	0.002
最大值	8.61	2481	5302	280.6	432.7	67.4	984.4	1911.1	1546.3	1305.8	63.1	5.00	0.93	2.68
标准差	0.34	232	672	40.3	43.0	4.7	163.1	236.4	156.9	191.0	6.8	0.63	0.11	0.36
变异系数	0.04	0.56	0.84	0.65	0.99	3.06	1.24	1.71	1.53	0.39	1.98	0.74	2.59	0.97
注：—表示未检出。

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表 2 特征值、主成分贡献率及累计贡献值

Table 2. Eigenvalues, contribution rate, and cumulative contribution rate of the principal components

成分	初始特征值			提取载荷平方和
成分	总计	方差百分比/%	累积/%	总计	方差百分比/%	累积/%
1	4.676	29.222	29.222	4.676	29.222	29.222
2	2.009	12.557	41.780	2.009	12.557	41.780
3	1.760	10.997	52.777	1.760	10.997	52.777
4	1.436	8.975	61.752	1.436	8.975	61.752
5	1.292	8.074	69.825	1.292	8.074	69.825
6	1.069	6.680	76.506	1.069	6.680	76.506
7	0.962	6.016	82.521
8	0.849	5.308	87.829
9	0.591	3.693	91.522
10	0.409	2.556	94.078
11	0.323	2.021	96.099
12	0.233	1.456	97.555
13	0.159	0.993	98.548
14	0.108	0.674	99.223
15	0.096	0.603	99.825
16	0.028	0.175	100.000

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表 3 主成分因子载荷

Table 3. Various factors loading in principle components

指标	主成分1	主成分2	主成分3	主成分4	主成分5	主成分6
锰	0.240	0.479	−0.002	0.449	−0.490	0.130
总硬度	0.811	0.088	0.388	−0.046	−0.172	−0.043
溶解性总固体	0.941	−0.096	0.049	−0.084	−0.019	0.015
硫酸盐	0.930	−0.093	0.114	−0.081	−0.089	0.046
氯化物	0.898	−0.050	0.132	−0.145	−0.169	0.036
锌	0.007	−0.109	0.128	0.092	0.426	0.258
硝酸盐	−0.014	0.054	0.751	−0.101	0.202	0.090
挥发性酚类	0.397	0.086	−0.141	0.684	0.378	0.059
耗氧量	0.198	0.820	−0.082	−0.405	0.243	−0.011
氨氮	0.055	0.422	−0.103	0.513	−0.071	0.616
钠	0.920	−0.178	−0.170	−0.085	0.074	0.025
亚硝酸盐	0.032	0.785	0.062	−0.318	0.384	−0.065
氟化物	0.483	−0.258	−0.548	−0.032	0.440	−0.003
碘化物	0.217	0.185	−0.508	−0.324	−0.197	0.042
砷	0.084	0.359	−0.132	0.287	−0.244	−0.609
铅	0.259	0.039	0.166	0.336	0.354	−0.460

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