Experimental study on the process of end-moraine dam failure in the middle Himalaya glacial lake: Taking the Jialongcuo glacial lake end-moraine dam as an example
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摘要:
终碛坝广泛分布于世界各地的高山和极高山区。为了探究终碛坝的溃决过程，了解溃口的演变特征，文章以嘉龙错终碛坝的原位实验，模拟了终碛湖漫顶溃决过程。通过分析实验结果发现：（1）根据观察，将终碛坝溃决过程划分为坝体下游坡面冲刷、“溯源侵蚀”、出水口下切和溃口拓宽四个阶段。（2）上游湖区崩塌体激发的涌浪会造成溃口内的瞬时流量增加数倍，从而使得在有涌浪和无涌浪的条件下，“溯源侵蚀”过程出现陡坎和斜坡两种下切型。（3）通过分析溃口下切侵蚀过程，发现溃口的下切侵蚀发展过程主要受到坝体孔隙比和细粒含量的影响，并且溃口中点侵蚀率与水流剪应力存在一定的线性关系，符合线性侵蚀模型。通过分析发现，嘉龙错终碛坝的侵蚀系数为0.051，临界启动应力为237.64 Pa。与堰塞坝相比，可侵蚀系数比更小，而临界启动应力更大。
Abstract:Moraine dams are widely distributed in high and very high mountainous areas around the world. In order to investigate the breaching process of end-moraine dams and to understand the evolution of the breaches during the breaching process of end-moraine dams, this paper designed in situ experiments for simulating the process of moraine lake overtopping breakage with the Jialongcuo as the prototype. The experimental results show that: (1) According to the phenomenon of the breach process, the moraine dam breach process is divided into four stages: downstream slope scour, “headcut erosion”, undercutting of the outlet and widening of the breach. (2) The upstream lake collapse body excited by the surge will cause the instantaneous flow in the breach to increase several times, thus making the “headcut erosion” process under the conditions of surge and no surge in two forms of undercutting, which is steep hills and slopes. (3) By analyzing the undercut erosion process of the breach, it is found that the undercut erosion process of the breach is mainly influenced by the void ratio and fines content of the dam body, and there is a linear relationship between the erosion rate at the midpoint of the breach and the water flow shear stress, which is consistent with the linear erosion model. Through the analysis found that the erodible coefficient of Jialongcuo end-moraine dam is 0.051, the critical starting stress is 237.64 Pa, compared with the landslide dams, the erodible coefficient is smaller, while the critical shear stress is larger.
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Key words:
- end-moraine dam /
- in situ /
- breach process /
- undercutting characteristics /
- erosion characteristics
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表 1 实验工况参数
Table 1. Experimental working conditions parameters
实验
编号汇水流量
Qin
/（L·s−1）坝顶宽
WD
/m坝体下游
坡度
θ
/（°）坝高
HD
/m黏聚力
C/kPa内摩擦角
φ/（°）天然
含水率饱和 天然
含水率饱和 1 2.5 0.2 1∶1 1 17.43 12.17 27.97 21.85 2 0.4 3 0.6 4 0.8 
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