Application of airborne LiDAR technology in geological hazard investigation in Huangpu District, Guangzhou City
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摘要:
近年来，机载LiDAR技术快速发展，其能够“穿透”地面植被，获取地面真实高程，对于精准获取地质灾害隐患点具有重要意义。为查明广州黄埔区地质灾害发育特征，文章基于机载LiDAR技术获取了黄埔区总面积为526.5 km2的三维点云和数字正射影像等数据，结合传统人工现场调查手段，查明项目范围内的典型地质灾害发育特征。解译结果表明：调查区内地质灾害呈面状和线状分布，主要集中在中北部山区丘陵地带，其他地区零星分布或无分布，崩塌及危岩体类地质灾害435处、滑坡及不稳定斜坡类地质灾害
1027 处，极端天气情况下可能诱发的低频泥石流灾害66处，以滑坡及不稳定斜坡类灾害为主；此外，区内地质灾害发育规律与地形地貌、地质条件、工程活动及降雨等因素具有较强的关联性，其中降雨诱发地质灾害较为显著，灾害多发生在月降雨量650～700 mm区间。研究表明，机载LiDAR技术能够实现研究区内地质灾害的识别，对指导识灾避灾减灾工作具有较好的指导作用和应用价值。Abstract:In recent years, airborne LiDAR technology has developed rapidly, allowing for the penetration of ground vegetation and the accurate acquisition of ground elevation, which is of great significance for precisely identifying geological hazard points. In order to understand the development characteristics of geological disasters in Huangpu District, Guangzhou, this study utilized airborne LiDAR technology to obtain three-dimensional point cloud and digital orthophoto images covering a total area of 526.5 km2 within district. Combined with traditional manual field investigation methods, the study identified the typical geological disaster development characteristics within the project scope. The interpretation results indicate that geological disasters within the investigation area are distributed in both surface and linear patterns, mainly concentrated in the hilly areas of the central and northern parts, with scattered or no distribution in other areas. There are 435 instances of geological disasters such as collapses and dangerous rock masses,
1027 instances of geological disasters such as landslides and unstable slopes, and 66 instances of low-frequency debris flow disasters that may be induced under extreme weather conditions, with landslides and unstable slope disasters being predominant. Additionally, the development pattern of geological disasters in the area exhibits a strong correlation with topography, geological conditions, engineering activities, and rainfall. Rainfall is notably significant in inducing geological hazards, with disasters occurring mainly within the range of monthly rainfall between 650 and 700 mm. The study demonstrates that airborne LiDAR technology can achieve the identification of geological disasters within the study area, providing valuable guidance and application value for guiding disaster identification, prevention, mitigation, and management. -
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表 1 主要解译内容及标志
Table 1. Main interpretation contents and symbols
类型 解译标志 滑坡 滑体位置、地貌部位、范围、形态、坡度、高程、沟谷发育状况、植被发育状况、总体滑动方向、与重要建筑物的关系等 崩塌 崩塌位置、形态、分布高程；崩塌堆积体的坡度、面积、发育方向、植被类型 泥石流 流域的边界、面积、形态、主沟长度、主沟纵降比、坡度；物源区水体分布、集水面积、地形坡度、岩性、植被覆盖程度、植物类别及分布状况，崩塌、滑坡、断裂、松散堆积物等不良现象，形成泥石流固体物质的分布范围；流通区沟床的横纵坡度、冲淤变化以及泥石流痕迹，阻塞地段堆积类型、跌水、急弯、卡口情况等 危岩体 危岩体多发生在节理裂隙发育岩质山坡与峡谷陡岸上，坡度通常在55°～75°，上陡下缓，表面坎坷不平，具粗糙感，偶出现巨大块石影像；危岩体上部外围有时可见到张节理形成的裂缝影像 不稳定斜坡 不稳定斜坡位置、形态、分布高程、堆积体面积、斜坡范围内InSAR形变数据分布 
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表 2 调查区内典型地质灾害解译影像及过程
Table 2. Typical geological hazards interpretation images and processes in the survey area
类别 崩塌 滑坡 泥石流 三维光学影像 
三维数字高程模型 
解译过程 崩塌多发育在陡峭山体或公路开挖边坡处，其物源区与堆积区交接处明显。在 LiDAR 数据上表现为滑源区坡度较大并可能伴随局部拉花，向堆积区过渡时则坡度突然变缓，有明显的陡缓交界线；堆积区呈现三角锥形或梨形，处于地形低处，表面粗糙度特征与环境差异较大，但新近堆积粗糙度大颗粒感明显，古老堆积则粗糙度小较光滑 对于光学影像，若坡面植被较多，通常无法进行滑坡识别；此时LiDAR 获取的数字高程模型能去除掉表面的干扰信息，很好地识别滑坡后缘的滑体缺失和前缘堆积体，滑坡后缘椅状地貌、滑坡下错迹象、滑坡表面粗糙度差异，因此滑坡边界十分清楚，关于滑坡的解译可很好体现机载LiDAR 数据区别于传统影像滑坡解译的优势 泥石流以发育地形、堆积扇和沟道范围内的不良地质体作为人工综合解译标志。泥石流沟谷为低于原有平面的负地形地貌，多为雨水汇聚通道；同时沟道内不良地质体的存在为泥石流提供可流动物源；在降雨条件下可流动物源沟道内汇聚并高速流向沟口形成堆积扇。研究区内泥石流堆积扇受人为改造程度严重，很难发现堆积扇范围边界
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