Research on high-altitude and long-runout rockslides: Review and prospects
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摘要:
在全球范围内，高位远程地质灾害造成了多起群死群伤事件和特大经济损失，是特大型地质灾害防灾减灾科技攻关的难点。文章系统回顾了高位远程地质灾害的研究历程，认为常规的“高速远程滑坡”研究难以适应高山、极高山区复合型地质灾害防灾减灾的要求，提出了从高位失稳、远程成灾和风险防控全链条的高位远程地质灾害研究思路，探讨了高位崩滑启动源区的易灾地质结构特征和早期识别技术、高速碎屑流远程链动机理和边界层效应以及风险评估和防灾减灾问题。通过对青藏高原高山、极高山区的高位远程地质灾害研究，揭示了高位滑坡碎屑流势流体链动传递机理，以及紊流体和犁切体的边界层效应，提出可以通过改造高势能碎屑流体的边界层底坡、增大湍流边界层内湍动能的生成与组合障桩前死区范围的消能降险方法。最后，针对铁路、公路、水电工程、边疆城镇和国防建设的发展，讨论了复合型高位远程滑坡灾害的防灾减灾将面临的新挑战，提出了易灾地质结构孕灾机理、高位远程链灾动力过程和风险防控理论与技术等3方面亟待加强的研究方向。
Abstract:Long-runout rockslides at high altitude have caused lots of severe casualties and huge economic losses in the world, becoming a focus issue in researches on mitigation for large-scale geological disasters. This paper systematically reviews the research process of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides and believes that conventional research on “high velocity and long runout” is difficult to adapt to the requirements of complex geohazards prevention and mitigation in high and extra-high mountains. The methodology on high-altitude and long-runout rockslides has been proposed that includes in the initiation at the high-position, the dynamics of chain-style disasters with a long-runout traveling and the risk assessment and mitigation. Then, the disaster-prone geostructure characteristics and early identification techniques of the high-altitude initiation zone, the long-runout transferring mechanism and boundary layer effect of high-velocity debris avalanche, and risk assessment and mitigation issues have been explored. Through the study in the high mountain and extra-high mountains of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau indicates that the potential flow transferring mechanism of debris avalanche in high-altitude rockslides, the boundary layer effect of turbulent fluid and the plowing bodies. It is proposed that energy dissipation and risk mitigation methods can be used by modifying the boundary layer bottom slope of high potential debris avalanche, to increase the generation of turbulent kinetic energy in the boundary layer, and the dead zone range in front of barrier piles. Three research directions have been discussed, including the initiating mechanism of disaster-prone geostructure, the dynamic process of high-altitude and long-runout disaster chains, and the theory and technology of risk prevention and mitigation.
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表 1 不同海拔山区高位远程地质灾害识别InSAR集成方法
Table 1. Integrated method of InSAR for identification of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides in mountain areas with different altitudes
海拔 典型灾害 技术方法 主要技术 低山（500～ 1000 m） 滑坡、崩塌、塌陷 ① SBAS-InSAR技术（一般情况推荐）；
② PS-InSAR技术（相干性较好时推荐）①基于数值气象模型的大气延迟改正；
②解缠误差探测及改正技术；
③坡向形变投影技术中山（1000～ 3500 m） 大型滑坡、崩塌等 ① SBAS-InSAR技术（一般情况推荐）；
② PS-InSAR技术（相干性较好时推荐）；
③ POT时序技术（大量级形变监测推荐）①基于数值气象模型的大气延迟改正；
②解缠误差探测及改正技术；
③坡向形变投影技术；
④升降轨数据联合监测；
⑤叠掩、阴影掩膜技术高山（3500～ 5000 m） 高位滑坡、崩塌、冰川 ① SBAS-InSAR技术（时间序列形变监测推荐）；
② Stacking-InSAR技术（大范围调查推荐）；
③ POT时序技术（大量级形变监测推荐）①基于数值气象模型的大气延迟改正；
②解缠误差探测及改正技术；
③坡向形变投影技术；
④升降轨数据联合监测；
⑤叠掩、阴影掩膜技术；
⑥顾及DEM的配准技术极高山（>5000 m） 超高位滑坡、崩塌、冰川 ① SBAS-InSAR技术（时间序列形变监测推荐）；
② Stacking-InSAR技术（大范围调查推荐）；
③ POT时序技术（大量级形变监测推荐）①基于数值气象模型的大气延迟改正；
②解缠误差探测及改正技术；
③坡向形变投影技术；
④升降轨数据联合监测；
⑤叠掩、阴影掩膜技术；
⑥顾及DEM的配准技术；
⑦可变窗口偏移量跟踪技术；
⑧跨平台偏移量跟踪技术
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表 2 高位远程地质灾害链动机理与成灾模式简表
Table 2. Summary of chain mechanism and disaster mode of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides
分区 地质特征 动力特征 基本方程 高位
启动在重力长期蠕变下的不稳定山体、冰雪和冰湖等危险体形成高位滑坡或崩塌，特别是暴雨、地震和融雪等特殊工况会加剧高位成灾体的启动 物源初始启动具有较高的重力势能；在锁固效应和特殊工况作用下，具初始动能 极限平衡 势动
转化高位剪出后，在陡坡地段具有加速特征；大型崩滑体在气垫圈闭效应作用下，运动距离会增加；逐渐解体成为链状散体结构 重力势能逐渐转化为动能，流滑加速效应明显，形成链条冲击加载；转化过程中可产生空气层压缩效应 能量守恒、
动量守恒、
撞击理论等动力
剪切崩滑块体通过高势能转化为高速流滑体，撞击、剪切、铲刮沟道斜坡，形成底蚀铲刮体积增大效应；侧向冲刷岸坡坡脚，牵引触发滑坡，形成流体堵溃放大效应 因铲刮冲蚀效应流滑体运动速度降低；受堵溃效应影响流速和流量会出现明显的放大特征；由摩擦块体向流动散体转化 摩擦模型、
犁切模型等液滑/
流滑沟道含水量增加，形成剪切液化效应；流滑体碰撞粉碎化，形成碎屑流体；沟道宽缓，纵坡降较低，形成掩埋堆积成灾区 流滑体滑带形成剪切液化层，剪切阻力减小，导致运动距离增加；或干碎屑流体在剩余驱动力作用下保持远程运动 滑带液化效应、
颗粒流模型、
Voellmy模型等
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