Study on rockfall migration and fragmentation characteristics considering initial motion states
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摘要:
高位落石通常具有较大的崩落高度和势能，运动过程中动力破碎效应明显。因此，高位落石的致灾范围是防灾减灾研究中的难点和热点问题之一。将落石崩落过程中的运动状态分解为平动与滚动两种形式，通过离散元数值模型试验，统计不同初始运动状态下落石解体后碎屑的粒径分布与运移距离，深入分析落石初始运动状态对其动力破碎程度以及运移距离的影响。结果显示：（1）初始运动状态显著影响落石的破碎程度，进而间接改变落石的运移距离。初始水平速度正相关于碎屑的最远运动距离，而负相关于质心运移距离。落石的初始滚动角速度则不仅负相关于碎屑的最远运动距离，也负相关于质心运移距离；（2）不同初始运动状态对落石碎屑粒径分布的影响主要体现于数据密度较稀疏的中大粒度碎屑，而小粒度碎屑的粒径分布差异性并不明显；（3）落石初始水平速度的提高会加剧落石的破碎解体程度，减小碎屑粒径范围，增强分选性；相反初始滚动角速度的提高则会在一定程度上抑制落石破碎解体程度，增大碎屑粒径范围，减弱分选性。研究成果可为落石潜在致灾范围的预测及落石防护设计提供参考。
Abstract:High-altitude rockfalls typically exhibit significant falling heights and high potential energy, resulting in pronounced dynamic fragmentation effects during motion. As such, determining the disaster range of high-altitude rockfalls remains a key challenge in disaster prevention and mitigation research. This study systematically examines how the initial motion states of falling rocks influence migration distance and dynamic fragmentation after impacting the slope. The motion states are decomposed into translational and rotational forms. A series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations were conducted under varying initial motion states to analyze the resulting particle migration distances and fragmentation levels. The results show that initial motion states significantly affect the degree of rock fragmentation and consequently, the migration behavior of rockfall debris. Specifically, an increase in initial horizontal velocity is positively correlated with the maximum migration distance of fragments but negatively correlated with the centroid migration distance. In contract, higher initial angular velocity shows a negative correlated with both maximum and centroid migration distances. Variations in initial motion states primarily affect the distribution of medium- to large-sized fragments, while the differences in fine particle distributions are less pronounced. Furthurmore, increasing initial horizontal velocity promotes more severe rock fragmentation, resulting in a narrower particle size distribution and improving sorting. Conversely, greater initial angular velocity inhibits rock fragmentation, producing a broader particle size range and reduced sorting performance. These findings provide valuable insights for predicting the potential hazard zones of rockfalls and supporting the design of effective protective measures.
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表 1 合成岩石试样（SRMS）微观参数
Table 1. Micromechanical parameters of the synthetic rock mass specimen
关键材料参数 值 关键材料参数 值 颗粒粒径（ $ d $ ）/m0.002～0.003 胶结有效模量（ $ {E}_{b}^{*} $ ）/（N·m−2）1.21E+10 颗粒集合体密度（ $ \rho $ ）/（kg·m−3）2 200 胶结刚度比（ $ {\kappa }_{b}^{*} $ ）1.5 颗粒有效模量（ $ {E}^{*} $ ）/（N·m−2）7E+9 胶结抗拉强度（pb_ten）/（N·m−2） 8.1E+8 刚度比（ $ {\kappa }^{*} $ ）1.5 胶结黏聚力（pb_coh）/（N·m−2） 4.6E+8 摩擦系数 0.577 胶结内摩擦角（pb_fa）/（°） 39.8 
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表 2 对照试验组设置情况
Table 2. Experimental setup of control groups
工况 试验组 $ {v}_{x} $ /（m·s−1）$ {\omega }_{x} $ /（rad·s−1）1 SWC 0.5 0 2 CG1 1 0 3 CG1 1.5 0 4 CG1 2 0 5 CG2 0.5 10 6 CG2 0.5 20 7 CG2 0.5 30
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