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摘要:
地质灾害分布广、影响大，对人类生活及安全造成了严重的危害。作为中国自主研发、建设、运行的卫星导航系统，北斗导航系统在地质灾害领域的应用逐渐展现出潜力和优势。目前，北斗在地质灾害形变监测中的精度已与GPS相当，可实现毫米级高精度观测，在有遮挡的区域定位精度甚至优于GPS；其数据通信功能主要包括数据传输和数据处理两大方面，具有实时性强、传输快捷、无通信盲区的优点，在应急救援中可提供卫星通信、应急通信网建设、位置共享与监控、应急广播服务、远程医疗支持等。通过融合监测地表形变、地下水位、地下应力等相关参数的传感器，或结合InSAR技术和光学遥感技术等，北斗系统能够显著提高地质灾害监测预警和应急救援的及时性和准确性。例如，北斗系统已成功应用于湖南常德石门滑坡、金沙江白格滑坡、京张和兰新铁路等铁路沿线及周边环境地质灾害形变监测预警等。虽然目前仍有观测数据积累不足、数据处理算法滞后等相关技术和机制性问题待解决，但随着人工智能技术的不断发展，北斗系统在地质灾害领域的应用将会更加广泛和智能化，为防灾减灾救灾工作提供更有效的支持。
Abstract:Geological disasters are widespread and pose significant threats to human life and safety. With advancements in science and technology and the continual development of national emergency management systems, satellite navigation technology has played an increasing vital role in geological disaster monitoring, early warning, and emergency response due to its global coverage and high-precision positioning capabilities. As a satellite navigation system independently developed, constructed, and operated by China, the Beidou navigation satellite system (BDS) has demonstrated growing potential and advantages in its application in this field. Currently, BDS achieves millimeter-level accuracy in monitoring geological deformations, comparable to that of GPS. In obstructed environments, its positioning accuracy even surpasses GPS. Its data communication capabilities, including both data transmission and processing, offer advantages such as real-time responsiveness, rapid transfer, and comprehensive coverage without communication blind zones. In emergency rescues, BDS enables satellite communication, emergency communication network construction, location sharing and monitoring, emergency broadcasting services, and remote medical assistance. By integrating sensors for monitoring surface deformation, groundwater levels, underground stress, and other related parameters, or by combining InSAR and optical remote sensing technologies, BDS can significantly enhance the timeliness and precision of geological disaster monitoring, early warning, and emergency rescue. Notably, BDS has been successfully applied in early warning and monitoring efforts for the Shimen landslide in Changde (Hunan), the Baige landslide in the Jinsha River, and for deformation monitoring along major railways such as the Beijing-Zhangjiakou and Lanzhou-Xinjiang railways. Despite existing challenges, such as limited observational data and lagging data processing algorithms, the continued advancement of artificial intelligence technologies is expected to promote broader and more intelligent applications of BDS in geological disaster prevention, mitigation, and emergency response.
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