Suitability analysis and recommendations for professional monitoring techniques and methods of landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir: A case study of the Zigui section in Hubei Province
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摘要:
三峡库区是我国最早系统性地实施滑坡等地质灾害专业监测的区域之一，从2003年三峡水库蓄水至今20a，三峡库区秭归段内已有超过200处滑坡灾害实施了专业监测预警，监测技术方法涵盖了早期的人工监测到近年来的实时自动化监测。文章在介绍三峡库区秭归段内现有地质灾害专业监测技术方法概况基础上，针对以滑坡为主的不同专业监测技术方法进行了系统总结和适宜性分析，并根据斜坡变形阶段和不同变形特征提出了针对性专业监测技术方法选择建议。结果表明：无论是针对斜坡变形阶段还是不同变形特征，GNSS自动地表位移结合自动降雨量监测均是首选技术，然后应根据具体需求和灾害体实际情况，适当增加其他监测技术。研究成果可为更好地优化实施库区后续地质灾害监测提供一定参考。
Abstract:The Three Gorges Reservoir area is one of the earliest regions in China to systematically implement professional monitoring and early warning for geological disasters such as landslides. Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2003, nearly 300 instances of landslide disasters have been recorded in the Zigui section of the Three Gorges Reservoir over the past 20 years. Monitoring techniques have evolved from early manual monitoring to real-time automated monitoring in recent years. Based on an overview of the existing professional monitoring techniques and methods for geological disasters in the Zigui section, this paper systematically summarizes and analyzes the suitability of different professional monitoring techniques and methods. Additionally, it provides recommendations for selecting appropriate professional monitoring techniques based on the stages of slope deformation and various deformation characteristics. The findings reveal that GNSS automated surface displacement monitoring with automated rainfall monitoring is the preferred technology, regardless of the slope deformation stage or the distinct deformation features. Other monitoring technologies should be added as needed based on specific requirements and the actual conditions of the disaster site. The research findings provide valuable references for optimizing the implementation of future geological disaster monitoring and early warning in the reservoir area.
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Key words:
- Three Gorges reservoir /
- landslide /
- professional monitoring /
- deformation /
- early warning /
- suitability analysis
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表 1 三峡库区秭归段地质灾害主要专业监测技术方法及特征
Table 1. Main professional monitoring techniques and characteristics of geological disasters in the Zigui section of the Three Gorges Reservoir
专业监测类型 主要监测技术手段 基本特征 三峡库区
专业监测点人工GNSS、人工测斜、人工地下水；自动GNSS、
自动地表裂缝、自动深部测斜、自动雨量计、
自动深部测斜+地下水综合孔、自动下滑力、水库水位早期以人工方法为主，近期则以自动监测为主，
较全面覆盖了地表变形、深部变形以及诱发因素监测宜昌综防体系
群专结合
专业监测点二级监测点 自动GNSS、自动地表裂缝、自动深部测斜、
自动雨量计、自动地下水、声光报警器以自动普适性GNSS+裂缝等地表形变监测为主，
少量辅以自动深部形变+自动雨量监测三级监测点 自动倾角加速度计、自动GNSS、自动雨量计、
自动地表裂缝、声光报警器以自动普适性倾角加速度计结合自动GNSS
等地表形变监测+自动雨量监测为主
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表 2 对应斜坡变形阶段与预警级别的专业监测技术方法建议表
Table 2. Suggestion table of professional monitoring technology corresponding to slope deformation stages and early warning levels
变形阶段 初始变形
阶段等速变形
阶段初加速
阶段中加速
阶段高加速
（临滑）阶段建议说明 预警级别 — 注意级 警示级 警戒级 警报级 警报形式 — 蓝 色 黄 色 橙 色 红 色 专业
监测
技术
方法
适宜性GNSS人工地表位移监测 不推荐 用自动GNSS监测替代 人工深部测斜位移
监测
在灾害体初始变形-等速变形初期，用于准确确定滑带位置；持续监测采用全断面自动监测技术 人工地下水位监测 
用于初次准确确定地下水位位置；持续监测采用自动地下水位监测，且至少布设一个监测剖面或监测网 GNSS自动地表位移监测 
首选，但要确保监测点位选择合理且不会受到扰动及信号遮挡等导致的数据中断或质量问题 自动地表裂缝监测 
适于安装在有明显拉张过程但跨度近且不受外界干扰的边界裂缝上，其他情形下不推荐使用 自动倾角加速度
监测
对监测效果进行针对性评估后选择 自动测斜监测 
建议研发全断面自动测斜监测仪器或对探头式仪器进行改进后，在能确保监测数据质量情况下使用 自动测斜+地下水位
综合监测
在能确保安装质量及测斜数据质量前提下可选择 自动雨量监测 首选，确定灵敏度并定期维护，防治堵塞 自动地下水位监测 
必要情况下可选择 自动下滑力监测 
对监测效果进行针对性评估后选择 图例说明 
首选技术及适用阶段
可选技术及适用阶段
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表 3 对应不同变形特征灾害体的专业监测技术方法建议表
Table 3. Recommendation table for professional monitoring technical methods for disaster bodies with different deformation characteristics
变形特征 代表性灾害体 首选监测技术 补充监测技术 说明 整体
蠕动
变形阶跃
上升型三门洞滑坡、
马家沟1号滑坡GNSS自动地表位移（形成监测网）+
自动雨量（1台）自动地表裂缝（边界少量）/
自动测斜（至少形成监测剖面）/自动
地下水位（至少形成监测剖面）除1台雨量计及少量裂缝计外，
其余设备应根据灾害体规模
形成监测剖面或监测网持续
上升型木鱼包滑坡、
谭家河滑坡部分
蠕动
变形阶跃
上升型卧沙溪滑坡
次级滑体GNSS自动地表位移（形成监测网，
变形区内应加密）+自动雨量（1台）自动地表裂缝（变形区边界少量）/自动测斜
（大变形不宜安装，布设应形成监测剖面）/自动
地下水位（至少形成监测剖面，变形区内可加密）针对灾害体整体形成监测剖面
或监测网，但重点是变形区持续
上升型卡子湾滑坡
预警区局部变形 王家院子滑坡、
黑石板滑坡GNSS自动地表位移（形成监测网，
变形区内应加密）+自动雨量（1台）局部变形区如果范围较大，可以按上述推荐布设；
如果较小，根据实际需要少量布设或不布设根据局部变形区的规模、特征与
预警需求进行考虑后灵活选择无明显变形 大岭西南滑坡 GNSS自动地表位移（形成
监测网）+自动雨量（1台）— —
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