Seismic acquisition design for Laoshan uplift of the South Yellow Sea
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摘要:
南黄海崂山隆起中-古生界海相碳酸盐岩沉积层是重要的油气勘探目的层，但因工区水深较浅，新生界陆相地层与中生界海相地层之间存在强波阻抗界面，中-古生界碳酸盐岩地层结构较为均匀、速度和密度梯度较小、厚度较大等原因，造成中-古生界地震有效反射波存在能量弱、信噪比低等问题。针对如何增强中-古生界有效反射波能量、提高其信噪比展开采集参数设计。在大量设计方案的基础上，优选出2组强能量、富低频的容量为6390in3的平面组合和立体组合气枪震源；设计接收缆长度7200m，优选接收缆沉放深度16m和20m。对气枪震源和接收缆沉放深度组成的4组试验方案进行外业采集并分析，确定低频能量更强的6390in3平面震源沉放10m、接收缆沉放16m作为地震采集方案，并在空间采样间隔和工区施工环境分析等基础上提出了适合现阶段南黄海崂山隆起中-古生界地震勘探的单源6缆采集方式和采集参数，形成了高覆盖、富低频、强能量地震采集技术。与以往地震资料进行了对比，本次采集的地震资料中-古生界地层反射能量更强，信噪比更高，整体提高了中-古生界地震资料的品质，为后续南黄海地震勘探积累了经验，为下一步井位论证等工作奠定了扎实的基础。
Abstract:The Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine carbonate deposits on the Laoshan uplift of South Yellow Sea are critically important for petroleum exploration. However, the seismic reflection of the Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata has the problems of weak energy and low S/N ratio, owing to the facts that water is relatively shallow, the interface between the terrestrial Cenozoic and the marine Mesozoic is too strong as a seismic impedance reflector, the structure of Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata is uniform with little velocity and density difference, and the thickness of Mesozoic- Paleozoic strata is too large. In the seismic survey of the project, measures were taken to enhance the seismic reflection wave's energy and increase the S/N ratio of the Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata, with specific design on both seismic source and acquisition parameters. A 6390in3 air gun source with strong energy and low frequency, and with both single level mode and multi-level mode was designed. Two streamer depth candidates (16m and 20m) were chosen. The streamer length was designed to be 7200m. 4 acquisition tests were conducted and the 6390in3 in single level mode with depth of 10m and streamer depth of 16m were settled as the final acquisition parameters. A single source-6 steamer is used to increase the spatial sampling. All these formed a seismic acquisition design with high folds, rich low frequency and strong energy. Compared to the previous seismic data, the seismic data of this survey had an overall improvement in quality for the Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata, as the seismic reflection energy of the Mesozoic-Paleozoic was enhanced and the S/N ratio increased. The breakthrough in seismic data quality will lay a solid foundation for the next drilling site determination.
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表 1 南黄海主要地震地质层位标定(据青岛海洋地质研究所, 2016年)
Table 1. Calibration of seismic strata of South Yellow Sea (Source:QIMG, 2016)
主要反射层 地质属性 T2 新近系底界反射，角度不整合界面 T8 侏罗系底界反射，角度不整合界面 T9 三叠系下统青龙组底界反射，平行不整合界面 T10 下二叠统栖霞组顶界反射，平行不整合界面 T11 中下石炭统地层灰岩、砂泥岩地层界面反射，平行不整合界面 T11-1 下志留统高家边组顶界反射，整合界面 T12 下志留统高家边组底界反射，平行不整合界面 T13 中上寒武统-奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层底界反射，整合界面 Tg 震旦系底界反射，角度不整合界面 
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表 2 2005—2012年南黄海地震采集参数
Table 2. The Seismic acquisition parameters in South Yellow Sea, 2005-2012
施工时间 2005年 2005年 2006年 2007年 2008年 2009年 2010年 2012年 调查船 奋斗七号 探宝号 奋斗七号 奋斗七号 奋斗七号 奋斗七号 发现号 发现2号 接收缆长度/m 3000 4600 4200 5700 6000 6000 7200 8100 震源容量/in3 2940 5080 2940 2940 2940 3580 6420 5040 震源深度/m 6 8 8 8 8 8 10 10-7-7-10 接收缆深度/m 9 10 12 12 12 12 14 12 道间距/m 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 炮间距/m 50 50 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 覆盖次数 30 46 56 76 80 80 96 108
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表 3 6390in3和6420in3气枪震源沉放10m模拟远场子波参数统计
Table 3. The far field seismic wavelet of the 6390in3 and 6420in3 source with depth of 10m
震源容量/in3 沉放深度/m 主峰值/
(bar.m)峰-峰值/
(bar.m)初泡比 低截频/
(-6dB，Hz)高截频/
(-6dB，Hz)优势频宽/
(-6dB，Hz)主频/
(-6dB，Hz)6420 10 86.3 179.6 15.4 6 64 58 35 6390 10 110.6 228.0 19.9 6 66 60 36 6390 7-10-10-7 112.6 182.5 20.6 6 70 64 38
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表 4 T2及以下反射层的空间采样间隔要求
Table 4. Spatial sampling requirements for T2 and sub-T2 reflectors
主要反射层 最高无混叠频率
要求空间采样间隔/m横向最大分辨率
要求空间采样间隔/mT2 140.1 34.2 T8 311.7 76.1 T9 453.7 110.7 T10 376.9 92.0 T11 497.1 145.5 T11-1 517.6 126.3 T12 618.3 150.9 T13 1009.5 246.4 Tg 1269.9 309.9
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表 5 南黄海崂山隆起地震采集主要参数
Table 5. Seismic acquisition parameters for Laoshan Uplift in South Yellow Sea
参数名称 参数值 震源数 1 震源容量(in3) 6390 震源沉放深度(m) 10(4子阵平面震源) 炮间距(m) 37.5 接收缆沉放深度(m) 16 接收缆长度(m) 7200×6 接收缆间距(m) 100 道间距(m) 12.5 空间采样间隔 6.25m×50m 覆盖次数 96×1
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