北部湾大风江河口沙嘴动态变化过程

陈益; 戴志军; 庞文鸿; 梁喜幸; 罗杰骏; 熊媛

doi:10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2023102101

北部湾大风江河口沙嘴动态变化过程

1.
华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室，上海 200241

2.
广西北部湾海洋环境变化与灾害研究重点实验室，钦州 535011

基金项目: 国家自然科学重点基金“北部湾红树林潮滩响应陆海水沙变化的沉积动力过程”（41930537）

详细信息

作者简介: 陈益（1986—），男，博士研究生，主要从事河口海岸动力沉积地貌过程研究，E-mail：52263904009@stu.ecnu.edu.cn

通讯作者: 戴志军（1973—），男，教授，主要从事河海相互作用及生物动力地貌过程研究，E-mail：zjdai@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P736

收稿日期: 2023-10-21

修回日期: 2024-02-19

刊出日期: 2025-04-28

Dynamic variation of sand spit in the Dafeng River estuary, Beibu Gulf

1.
State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China

2.
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Change and Disaster in Beibu Gulf, Qingzhou 535011, China

More Information

Corresponding author: DAI Zhijun, zjdai@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

Received Date: 21 October 2023

Revised Date: 19 February 2024

Publish Date: 28 April 2025

摘要

摘要:
沙嘴的快速变化过程直接关联河口地貌变迁，影响陆海交汇带水沙交换，因而沙嘴地貌的移动及驱动机制成为河口研究重点关注的内容之一。然而，受限于监测资料获取的困难，一直有较少工作涉及中—强潮河口沙嘴动力地貌演变。以北部湾大风江河口沙嘴为研究对象，基于1990—2021年卫星遥感影像、2022年11月实地采集的沙嘴表层沉积物以及区域水文资料，分析中—强潮环境的大风江河口沙嘴演变特征及变化过程。结果表明：①大风江河口沙嘴持续向西北延伸，其中沙嘴宽度与面积呈洪季变大、枯季变小的季相变化特征；②沙嘴沉积物主要来源为洪季的径流来沙，沙嘴海侧顶部沉积物平均粒径最粗，并向陆侧与中部、尾部逐渐变细。沉积物主要由海侧顶部向沙嘴中部及尾部方向输移，使沙嘴持续向西北延伸。③波浪是控制大风江沙嘴长期形态演变的主要因素，中—强潮环境下潮流作用是沉积物向岸输送、沙嘴持续向西北延伸的原因，径流量的洪枯季显著差异是沙嘴宽度与面积洪季变大、枯季变小的主控因素。
- 沉积物 /
- 遥感影像 /
- 河口沙嘴 /
- 大风江河口 /
- 北部湾
Abstract:
The rapid change process of sand spit is directly related to the estuarine geomorphological migration with potential impacts on water and sediment exchange between land and sea. The movement and the driving mechanism of sand spit landform have received especial concerns. However, limited information is related to sand spit morphodynamics due to difficulties in obtaining monitoring data. Based on multi-satellite remote sensing images from 1990 to 2023, surface sediments collected in November 2022, and regional hydrological data, the evolution of the sand spit in Dafeng River estuary in Beibu Gulf, Guangxi, SW China over a medium-strong tidal environment were analyzed. Results show that ① the sand spit in the estuary exhibited continuous extension to the northwest, and the width and area of the spit featured seasonal variation with increased width in flood season and decreases in dry season; ② The main sediment source of the sand spit was from riverine material in flood season. The average grain size of sediments on top the spit seaside was the coarsest and then gradually became finer from sea to land, and to the middle and tail parts of the spit. The sediments were transported mainly from the top of the sediments seaside towards the middle and tail of the spit, so that the spit continued to extend northwestward; ③ Runoff from sand is the source of sediment in the spit, waves are the main factor controlling the long-term morphological evolution of the sand spit in the estuary. Tidal actions in mild-strong tidal environment are the driver to the sediment transport shoreward and the continuous northwestward extension of the sand spit. The significant difference in seasonal runoff was the main factor on the variations in width and area of the sand spit: greater in flood season and smaller in dry season.
- sediment /
- remote sensing images /
- sand spit /
- Dafeng River estuary /
- Beibu Gulf

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图 1 研究区域与沉积物采样点设置

Figure 1.

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图 2 沙嘴范围提取采用的遥感影像集统计

Figure 2.

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图 3 沙嘴沉积物样品三角分布

Figure 3.

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图 4 沙嘴沉积物组分变化

Figure 4.

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图 5 沙嘴平均粒径(Mz)、分选系数(σ₁)、偏态(S_K1)、峰态(K_G)

Figure 5.

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图 6 1990—2020年期间沙嘴形态变化

Figure 6.

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图 7 1990—2020年期间沙嘴面积、长度、宽度变化与质心移动

Figure 7.

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图 8 2018—2021年洪季、枯季沙嘴形态变化

Figure 8.

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图 9 2018—2021年洪季、枯季沙嘴面积与宽度变化统计

Figure 9.

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图 10 2018—2021年沙嘴洪季、枯季宽度、面积变化与大风江坡朗坪水文站历史同期平均流量相关关系

Figure 10.

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图 11 涠洲岛海洋站历史波浪月统计

Figure 11.

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图 12 沙嘴1995至2000年遥感影像图

Figure 12.

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表 1 粒径分级标准

Table 1. Grain size classification standards

等级	等级	平均粒径/µm
砾石	细砾石	8 000～4 000
砂	粗砂	2 000～500
	中砂	500～250
	细砂	250～62.5
粉砂	粗粉砂	62.5～16
粉砂	细粉砂	16～3.9
黏土	黏土	3.9～0.24

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表 2 沙嘴沉积物组分

Table 2. Sediment size composition of the sand spit %

采样点编号	细砂		中砂		粗砂
采样点编号	海侧	陆侧	海侧	陆侧	海侧	陆侧
1	1.042	46.76	28.871	32.74	70.056	19.671
2	12.978	80.948	33.86	13.197	52.584	5.176
3	38.535	89.8	23.576	4.582	37.44	4.098
4	50.476	79.26	24.607	9.414	24.627	7.816
5	38.416	78.855	43.076	11.034	18.268	7.558
6	46.968	61.298	33.398	15.933	19.245	21.861

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表 3 沙嘴平均粒径、分选系数、偏态、峰态

Table 3. The particle size parameters of average size, sorting coefficient, skewness, and kurtosis of the sand split

采样点编号	平均粒径/µm		分选系数		偏态		峰态
采样点编号	海侧	陆侧	海侧	陆侧	海侧	陆侧	海侧	陆侧
1	607.9734	280.4785	0.544503	0.923458	0.34374	0.453595	0.780876	1.385656
2	498.4276	187.6972	0.806415	0.704203	0.472333	0.334179	1.053235	1.170949
3	360.508	163.092	1.092031	0.741816	0.127668	0.443639	1.401985	1.361979
4	283.9223	207.8505	0.969367	1.065781	0.321818	0.641114	1.226198	1.793195
5	306.0457	205.969	0.773283	0.951842	0.220212	0.549042	1.106709	1.629662
6	289.9574	259.8288	0.858083	1.057971	0.33533	0.41259	1.174146	1.500453

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表 4 涠洲岛海洋站洪枯季平均波高与波向统计

Table 4. Statistics of average wave height and wave direction in flood and dry season at Ocean Observation Station in Weizhou Island

洪/枯季	平均波高/m	主要波向
洪季	0.775	SSW
枯季	0.475	NNE

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表 5 北海潮位站2021年洪枯季最大潮差与平均潮差统计

Table 5. Statistics of the maximum tidal range and average tidal range observed at Tide Gauge Station in Beihai in flood and dry seasons in 2021

洪/枯季	最大潮差/m	平均潮差/m
洪季	5.11	3.18
枯季	5.12	3.16

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表 6 沙嘴1995至2000年影像详细信息及对应潮位

Table 6. Specifications of the satellite images and corresponding tide levels of the sand spit from 1995 to 2000

年份	卫星	影像日期	对应潮位
1995	Landsat-5	1995-05-25 11:30	150
1996	Landsat-5	1996-05-27 11:30	90
1997	Landsat-5	1997-05-14 11:30	122
1998	Landsat-5	1998-08-21 11:30	236
1999	Landsat-5	1999-06-02 11:30	183
2000	Landsat-5	2000-05-06 11:30	253

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