Topographic and geomorphological characteristics and development pattern of gravel beaches along the coast of Zhejiang Province
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摘要:
利用2019年7月和2020年7—8月的浙江省海滩现场调查数据，结合历史数据资料，系统分析了浙江省不同区域砾石滩的剖面地形特征、平面形态特征和表层沉积物粒度特征; 同时, 利用相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和非度量多维尺度分析等数理统计方法，探讨了影响浙江砾石滩发育的主要因子，阐明了浙江砾石滩的发育模式。结果表明：① 从剖面形态可以看出，浙江砾石滩剖面形态大多呈斜线型，部分砾石滩呈肩滩型。从平面形态可以看出，浙中海域砾石滩海滩规模较大，岬角遮蔽能力较弱，因此受到的波浪作用最强。从沉积物粒度分布特征可以看出，浙中海域雀儿岙岛以北的砾石滩沉积物较粗，而浙中海域和浙南海域砾石滩则具有较多的扁长和杆状砾石。② 浙江砾石滩可分为3个类群：第一类群主要分布在浙中浙南海域，受潮流作用较强；第二类群主要分布在浙北海域，受潮汐作用较弱，规模较小，而第三类群分布较为分散，规模较大。③ 地质构造背景、水动力环境以及沉积物来源等对浙江砾石滩的形成过程具有重要的影响，其中地质构造背景是海滩发育的主要影响因素。砾石滩在进行生态保护和生态恢复过程中，还需要考虑波浪作用和潮汐作用的影响。
Abstract:Using on-site survey data from July 2019 and July-August 2020 in Zhejiang Province, combined with historical data, we systematically analyzed the characteristics of topological profiles, planar morphology, and surface sediment grain size of gravel beaches in various locations of Zhejiang Province. Meanwhile, using mathematical statistical methods such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and non-metric multidimensional scaling,, the main factors affecting the development of the gravel beaches were explored, and the development pattern of the gravel beaches was elucidated. Results indicate that in the profile morphology, it can be seen that most of the gravel beach profiles are oblique line typed, and some of them have a beach berm. In planform, gravel beaches in the central Zhejiang sea area are relatively larger, have weaker headland, and thus the shielding ability is weak and undergo stronger wave action. In distribution pattern of sediment particle size, the gravel beaches north of Que'er Ao Island in the central Zhejiang sea area have coarsest pebbles and thicker deposits, while those in the central and southern Zhejiang sea areas have more prolate and club-shaped gravels. The gravel beaches in Zhejiang could be placed into three groups by cluster analysis. The first group is mainly seen in the central and southern Zhejiang, and is strongly affected by tidal currents. The second group is mainly distributed in the northern Zhejiang, with weaker tidal effects and smaller. The third group distributed more sporadically in the province and relatively coarser. The geological structure background, hydrodynamic environment, and sediment supply have important impacts on the formation process of the gravel beaches, among which the geological structure background is the main factor on beach development. For the ecological protection and ecological restoration regarding the gravel beaches, the influences of wave action and tidal action must be considered.
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Key words:
- plane morphology /
- developmental pattern /
- profile morphology /
- sediment grain size /
- gravel beach
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表 1 海滩测量位置和时间信息
Table 1. Specifications of survey on gravel beaches
序号 海滩名称 所在地区 所在海域 测量时间 位置 平均潮差/m 平均波高/m 所在区域岩性 1 大沙碗砾石滩 舟山市 浙北海域 2020.7.13 30.42°N、122.43°E 2.28 1.10 熔结凝灰岩夹凝灰质砂岩 2 次蓬山砾石滩 舟山市 浙北海域 2020.7.10 30.34°N、122.18°E 1.91 1.10 熔结凝灰岩 3 西风湾砾石滩 舟山市 浙北海域 2020.7.4 30.2°N、122.7°E 2.62 1.10 碱长花岗岩 4 老佃厂砾石滩 舟山市 浙北海域 2020.7.7 30.04°N、122.42°E 2.32 0.50 熔结凝灰岩夹凝灰质砂岩 5 前沙砾石滩 舟山市 浙北海域 2020.7.7 30.03°N、122.42°E 2.32 0.50 熔结凝灰岩夹凝灰质砂岩 6 岙里沙砾石滩 舟山市 浙北海域 2020.7.7 30.03°N、122.43°E 2.32 0.50 熔结凝灰岩夹凝灰质砂岩 7 乌石塘砾石滩 舟山市 浙北海域 2019.7 29.92°N、122.4°E 2.42 0.50 碱长花岗岩 8 小乌石塘砾石滩 舟山市 浙北海域 2019.7 29.9°N、122.42°E 2.42 0.50 碱长花岗岩 9 倒座厅砾石滩 舟山市 浙北海域 2020.8.24 29.76°N、122.24°E 2.75 0.50 碱性花岗岩 10 马跳头砾石滩 舟山市 浙北海域 2020.8.24 29.71°N、122.22°E 2.75 0.50 花岗斑岩 11 羊背山砾石滩 宁波市 浙中海域 2020.8.29 29.47°N、121.98°E 2.45 0.40 碱长花岗岩 12 大沙头砾石滩 宁波市 浙中海域 2020.8.19 29.18°N、122.04°E 3.62 0.40 含角砾熔结凝灰岩 13 狼箕山咀砾石滩 宁波市 浙中海域 2020.8.17 29.07°N、121.83°E 3.84 0.50 石英正长斑岩 14 天作塘砾石滩 宁波市 浙中海域 2020.8.17 29.06°N、121.83°E 3.84 0.50 石英正长斑岩 15 小花岙砾石滩 宁波市 浙中海域 2020.8.17 29.06°N、121.82°E 3.84 0.50 石英正长斑岩 16 大澳坑砾石滩 台州市 浙中海域 2020.8.13 28.79°N、121.85°E 3.60 0.50 含角砾熔结凝灰岩 17 大网坑砾石滩 台州市 浙中海域 2020.8.12 28.75°N、121.85°E 3.60 0.50 熔结凝灰岩 18 田岙砾石滩 台州市 浙中海域 2020.8.12 28.74°N、121.85°E 3.60 0.50 熔结凝灰岩 19 黄夫澳砾石滩 台州市 浙中海域 2020.8.12 28.73°N、121.86°E 3.60 0.50 熔结凝灰岩 20 帽后沙砾石滩 台州市 浙中海域 2020.8.16 28.51°N、121.89°E 3.39 0.50 熔结凝灰岩与流纹岩、流纹斑岩互层 21 虾捕砾石滩 台州市 浙中海域 2020.8.16 28.51°N、121.89°E 3.39 0.50 熔结凝灰岩与流纹岩、流纹斑岩互层 22 大岙里砾石滩 台州市 浙中海域 2020.8.16 28.48°N、121.89°E 3.39 0.50 熔结凝灰岩 23 仰天澳砾石滩 温州市 浙南海域 2020.8.6 27.98°N、121.19°E 4.26 0.30 熔结凝灰岩夹凝灰质砂岩与流纹岩 24 大背澳砾石滩 温州市 浙南海域 2020.8.5 27.85°N、121.06°E 4.01 0.30 熔结凝灰岩 25 南策砾石滩 温州市 浙南海域 2020.8.5 27.77°N、121.13°E 4.01 1.00 熔结凝灰岩 
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表 2 砾石形态参数计算方法及指示意义
Table 2. Calculation methods and referential meaning of gravel shape parameters
形态参数 计算公式 指示意义 D $ D=\dfrac{\sum {D}_{n}}{n} $ $ {D}_{n}=\sqrt[3]{A\times B\times C} $ / MPS [C2/(A×B)]1/3 反映的是在流体中拖曳力与重力作用的平衡，是表征水中砾石发生搬运或沉降行为的一个重要指标，球度值越大，说明磨蚀作用越长 OPI 10×[(A–B)/(A–C)–0.5]/(C/A) 用来从扁长砾石中分辨出扁圆砾石的一个非常有用的指标，数值越大，扁长砾石越多 DRI (A–B)/(A–C) 用来分辨杆状砾石和盘状砾石的一个非常有效的指标，数值越大，杆状砾石占比越大
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表 3 沉积物粒径信息
Table 3. Specifications of sediment grain-size parameters
序号 海滩名称 MPS OPI DRI 平均粒径/cm 1 大沙碗砾石滩 0.71 0.85 0.53 4.42 2 次蓬山砾石滩 0.69 0.54 0.54 4.03 3 西风湾砾石滩 0.67 0.78 0.55 4.12 4 老佃厂砾石滩 0.63 −1.22 0.45 3.75 5 前沙砾石滩 0.69 0.59 0.54 3.78 6 岙里沙砾石滩 0.62 −0.55 0.49 3.35 7 乌石塘砾石滩 0.62 −1.87 0.44 3.74 8 小乌石塘砾石滩 0.65 −1.26 0.46 4.01 9 倒座厅砾石滩 0.50 −4.82 0.41 3.54 10 马跳头砾石滩 0.56 0.60 0.46 4.17 11 羊背山砾石滩 0.64 1.81 0.67 4.84 12 大沙头砾石滩 0.64 −0.65 0.47 5.30 13 狼箕山咀砾石滩 0.65 0.84 0.54 4.58 14 天作塘砾石滩 0.62 −0.44 0.50 4.70 15 小花岙砾石滩 0.59 0.39 0.53 3.65 16 大澳坑砾石滩 0.60 2.93 0.66 3.29 17 大网坑砾石滩 0.47 −2.04 0.48 2.57 18 田岙砾石滩 0.48 −5.45 0.48 3.28 19 黄夫澳砾石滩 0.65 1.72 0.57 4.33 20 帽后沙砾石滩 0.63 2.31 0.61 3.60 21 虾捕砾石滩 0.63 1.93 0.59 3.66 22 大岙里砾石滩 0.62 0.10 0.53 2.92 23 仰天澳砾石滩 0.60 −0.96 0.48 4.39 24 大背澳砾石滩 0.60 1.77 0.59 4.11 25 南策砾石滩 0.69 2.80 0.65 3.94
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表 4 砾石滩各主成分特征值、方差贡献率和累计贡献率
Table 4. The eigenvalues, variance contribution rate and accumulated contribution rate of principal components of gravel beaches
主成分 特征值 方差贡献率/% 累计方差贡献率/% 1 3.107 28.247 28.247 2 2.261 20.552 48.798 3 1.596 14.510 63.309 4 1.106 10.053 73.362 5 1.059 9.625 82.987 6 0.810 7.367 90.354 7 0.424 3.852 94.206 8 0.347 3.154 97.360 9 0.163 1.481 98.841 10 0.090 0.816 99.657 11 0.038 0.343 100.000
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表 5 砾石滩指标因子在主成分中的载荷
Table 5. Loads of principal components index factor of gravel beaches
因子 $ i $ Mz a L b S γ β a/b TR $ \overline{H} $ 第一主成分 −0.130 0.041 0.257 0.227 0.214 0.217 0.104 0.150 0.096 0.123 −0.188 第二主成分 0.333 0.292 0.108 0.208 0.206 0.189 −0.074 −0.290 −0.121 −0.007 0.096 第三主成分 0.156 0.121 0.250 −0.134 −0.242 0.164 −0.312 0.166 0.507 −0.144 0.138 第四主成分 −0.150 0.222 0.008 −0.228 −0.071 0.333 0.526 0.279 −0.187 −0.387 0.354
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