Riverine primary productivity dominated the source of particulate organic carbon in Liaohe River System
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摘要:
作为关键陆源物质，河流颗粒态有机碳（POC）的来源、输运及入海通量是当前关注的热点问题。然而，受水库等人类活动影响，河流颗粒碳的组分正在发生变化，这势必给陆地和海洋间碳的源汇过程和生物地球化学循环机制带来深刻影响。围绕上述问题，以辽河水系为研究区，于2023年7月沿河采集14个样品，将生物地球化学指标分析与最新的基因检测技术相结合，分析了POC含量和来源在流域内的变化规律，探讨了初级生产力主导辽河水系POC来源的可能机制，对比和总结了中国典型河流POC来源改变的共同趋势。研究结果显示，初级生产力是当前辽河水系POC的最主要来源，其中共球藻纲和蓝藻门生物是最主要贡献者；动物可能也是POC的重要来源，未来在分析POC来源时需加以重视；水库拦蓄效应可改变河流浮游生物的组成，进而对河流POC的来源产生重要影响；长江、黄河、珠江以及台湾岛和海南岛的诸多河流POC的浮游生物来源比例也在显著增加。上述趋势性变化，可能导致POC在流域-河口-陆架间的源汇格局发生剧烈变化，需要持续关注。
Abstract:As a crucial terrestrial source, the source, transport, and flux of riverine particulate organic carbon (POC) to the ocean are currently of significant interest. However, human activities, such as the construction of reservoirs, are changing the composition of river POC, potentially impacting the source-sink processes between land and sea, as well as biogeochemical cycles. To address this issue, the Liaohe River System was selected for this study, in which 14 samples were collected in July 2023, and the trends in POC content and sources within the drainage basin were analyzed using biogeochemical methods and gene detection technology. The potential mechanisms by which riverine primary production (Rpp) has become a dominant POC source in the Liaohe River System was explored and those in other typical Chinese rivers were compared. Results indicate that the Rpp was the predominant source of POC in the Liaohe River System, and Trebouxiophyceae and Cyanobacteria were the primary contributors. Additionally, animals may also play a significant role as POC sources in rivers, warranting further attention in future analyses. The retention effect in reservoirs could alter the composition of river plankton and thus significantly affect the POC sources. Moreover, the proportions of plankton-derived POC in the Changjiang River, Huanghe River, and Zhujiang River in the continent, and rivers in Taiwan and Hainan islands have also seen notable increases. These changing trends could lead to substantial shifts in the patterns of POC sources and sinks across watersheds, estuaries, and continental shelves, meriting considerable attention.
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表 2 辽河水系SPM元素特征、同位素特征和POC来源分析
Table 2. Elemental and isotopic characteristics and POC source analysis of SPM in Liaohe River system
编号 流系 PN /% POC /% C/N Chla /(μg/L) Δ14C /‰ 14C年龄/aBP δ13C /‰ POC来源占比/% 岩石 土壤 植被 Rpp LH2 辽河 0.16 1.30 7.92 0.02 LH7 辽河 0.17 1.35 8.11 0.29 LH8 辽河 0.13 1.01 7.66 0.26 −153.74 1270 −23.9 1.55 25.89 19.60 52.96 LH9 辽河 0.14 1.19 8.62 0.33 −269.35 2450 −22.9 8.69 43.88 9.91 37.51 LH10 辽河 0.13 1.23 9.33 0.47 −291.74 2700 −23.3 12.33 42.19 13.63 31.85 LH11 辽河 0.63 3.92 6.19 0.83 −248.13 2220 −23.6 7.88 21.14 3.28 67.69 LH12 辽河 0.25 2.18 8.60 N.D. −250.00 2240 −23.5 7.21 41.83 11.45 39.52 LH13 辽河 0.13 1.10 8.36 0.07 −296.14 2750 −22.1 11.28 44.05 7.59 37.07 LH14 辽河 0.12 0.97 8.09 0.21 −269.35 2450 −22.8 8.53 41.34 7.68 42.45 LH15 辽河 0.10 0.80 8.25 0.32 LH16 太子河(大辽河) 0.81 4.87 5.98 2.25 −226.29 1990 −27.3 7.09 7.55 4.99 80.37 LH17 浑河(大辽河) 0.72 4.26 5.92 3.78 −144.21 1180 −25.7 1.34 7.65 8.11 82.90 LH18 大辽河 0.25 1.87 7.41 1.10 −261.12 2360 −26.2 0.57 1.25 95.73 2.45 LH19 大凌河 0.20 1.88 9.31 0.29 表中“N.D.”代表未测出相关指标。 
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表 1 来自岩石、土壤、植被和Rpp的POC的δ13C、Δ14C和N/C端元值（用平均值±标准差表示）
Table 1. δ13C, Δ14C, and N/C endmembers of POC from rocks, soils, vegetation, and Rpp (expressed as mean ± standard deviation)
来源 δ13C/‰ Δ14C/‰ N/C值 岩石 −22.4±4.9 1000 ±00.045±0.066 土壤 −21.8±4.9 276±30 0.075±0.018 植被 −28.5±2.0 0±50 0.038±0.019 Rpp −28.0±1.1 −161±22 0.184±0.011 注：由于辽河数据有限，部分端元值参考长江[22]。
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表 3 选定指标与生物门类的相关关系
Table 3. Correlation between selected indicators and biological categories
POC C/N Chla Δ14C δ13C Rpp 绿藻纲 共球藻纲 动物界 蓝藻门 POC 1 −0.87** 0.79** 0.42 −0.71* 0.75* 0.33 0.68* 0.70* 0.6 C/N −0.87** 1 −0.77** −0.61 0.70* −0.86** −0.42 −0.59 −0.63 −0.48 Chla 0.79** −0.77** 1 0.61 −0.75* 0.80** 0.34 0.45 0.61 0.38 Δ14C 0.42 −0.61 0.61 1 −0.47 0.51 0.1 0.19 0.24 0.13 δ13C −0.71* 0.70* −0.75* −0.47 1 −0.62 −0.80** −0.85** −0.91*** −0.65* Rpp 0.75* −0.86** 0.80** 0.51 −0.62 1 0.13 0.61 0.65* 0.63 绿藻纲 0.33 −0.42 0.34 0.1 −0.80** 0.13 1 0.65* 0.67* 0.34 共球藻纲 0.68* −0.59 0.45 0.19 −0.85** 0.61 0.65* 1 0.96*** 0.91*** 动物界 0.70* −0.63 0.61 0.24 −0.91*** 0.65* 0.67* 0.96*** 1 0.89*** 蓝藻门 0.6 −0.48 0.38 0.13 −0.65* 0.63 0.34 0.91*** 0.89*** 1 注：由于PN和POC具有高度相关性(R=1; P<0.001)，所以进一步分析时没有计算PN与其他数据的关系。
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表 4 中国主要河流的悬浮颗粒物的部分特征
Table 4. Characteristics of SPM in major rivers of China
河流和流域 POC/% C/N值 δ13C/‰ Δ14C年龄/aBP 平均值 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 范围 辽河 上游 1.30 N.D. 7.92 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 中游 1.74 1.01～3.92 7.98 6.19～8.62 −23.43 −23.9～−22.9 2160 1270 ～2700 下游 1.26 0.80～2.18 8.32 8.09～8.60 −22.80 −23.5～−22.1 2480 2240 ～2750 平均 1.5 8.11 −23.19 2297 大辽河 3.67 1.87～4.87 6.44 5.92～7.41 −23.11 −27.3～−25.7 1843 1180 ～2360 黄河[58, 72-80] 中游 0.31 0.14～0.48 7.45 6.60～7.60 −24.16 −24.8～−23.3 5362 3650 ～7770 下游 0.49 0.13～1.78 7.12 5.80～10.5 −24.77 −27.4～−22.6 4868 3100 ～7160 平均 0.40 7.28 −24.47 5115 长江[22, 81] 上游 1.42 1.03～2.10 7.83 6.03～8.82 −25.65 −26.7～−24.3 3271 2620 ～4810 中游 1.48 1.41～1.59 7.59 7.37～7.82 −26.39 −27.3～−25.8 2816 2620 ～3040 下游 1.07 1.03～1.12 7.67 7.06～8.67 −26.03 −26.8～−25.2 2850 2480 ～3380 平均 1.36 7.74 −26.02 3069 珠江[69-70, 82-86] 上游 0.65 0.12～0.95 N.D. N.D. −25.90 −27.4～−24.8 2076 1040 ～3085 中游 0.33 0.09～0.81 N.D. N.D. −25.50 −28.6～−18.8 2731 760～ 3730 下游 0.39 0.24～0.52 6.55 6.20～6.90 −28.50 −31.8～−21.9 1908 985～ 2800 平均 0.46 6.55 −25.77 2331 台湾岛[87-88] 0.76 0.30～2.77 6.29 5.20～9.30 −24.31 −28.1～−22.0 N.D. N.D. 海南岛[89-90] 3.42 1.80～13.57 6.78 4.30～36.00 −25.96 −29.5～−19.0 N.D. N.D. 表格中长江数据部分来自未发表研究，N.D.代表没有相应数据。
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表 5 中国主要河流POC入海通量及不同来源占比
Table 5. POC flux and percentage content of different sources from major rivers in China
POC通量/(Tg/a) POC来源/% 岩石 土壤 植被 Rpp 辽河 0.03 8.21 37.19 10.45 44.15 大辽河 0.08 3.00 5.48 36.28 55.24 黄河 0.47 34.08 14.96 8.81 42.15 长江 2.15 14.38 20.74 14.33 50.55 珠江 0.51 5.35 10.56 9.68 74.41 注：由于大辽河干流缺少控口水文站，因此使用太子河和浑河POC通量之和代表。
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