Altered evolution sequence of abyssal peridotites from the Tianxiu hydrothermal field in the northwestern Indian Ocean: Evidence from petrochemistry and mineralogy
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摘要:
热液区超基性岩的蚀变过程在控制区域地球化学循环与矿物演化方面起关键作用，但热液区超基性岩的蚀变过程与蚀变机制目前还不清楚。本文以西北印度洋天休热液区不同位置获取的超基性岩为例，通过镜下岩矿综合鉴定、全岩化学成分分析以及电子探针成分分析等进行了岩石化学特征、矿物学特征及其蚀变演化过程的研究。结果表明，天休热液区超基性岩发生了严重蚀变，主要特征组合矿物为蛇纹石（叶蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石、利蛇纹石）、伴生磁铁矿、绿泥石、伊丁石、方解石等次生矿物。综合全岩以及矿物主量元素分析发现天休热液区超基性岩的蚀变演化过程主要分为两个阶段：（Ⅰ）橄榄石、辉石类矿物在封闭系统下经历了典型的蛇纹石化作用；（Ⅱ）橄榄石在开放氧化环境下进一步经历了伊丁石化作用。蛇纹石化过程中Fe、Ca大量迁移并富集于次生矿物（如磁铁矿或碳酸盐矿物）中，说明原生橄榄石已经发生了较完全的蛇纹石化，形成了高镁型蛇纹石。相比之下，伊丁石化过程中Fe的富集和Si、Mg元素的迁移对伊丁石、铁氧化物的形成与演化起到了一定的催化作用。本研究揭示了天休热液区深海橄榄岩的两期蚀变演化过程，为理解该热液区蚀变矿物的形成演化机制和元素的富集迁移提供了重要参考。
Abstract:The alteration of ultrabasic rocks in hydrothermal fields plays a critical role in regulating regional geochemical cycles and mineral evolution. However, the detailed processes and mechanisms governing such alteration remain poorly understood. We investigated ultrabasic rocks collected from various locations in the Tianxiu hydrothermal field in the northwestern Indian Ocean. By integrating analysis results in petrography, whole-rock geochemistry, and electron micro-probing, the petrochemical and mineralogical features were clarified and the evolution of the rock alteration was reconstruct. Results indicate that the ultrabasic rocks in the hydrothermal field had undergone extensive alteration. The dominant secondary mineral assemblage includes serpentine minerals (antigorite, chrysotile, and lizardite), accompanied by magnetite, chlorite, iddingsite, calcite, and other alteration products. The alteration history could be divided into two stages. In Stage I, olivine and pyroxene experienced typical serpentinization under relatively closed-system conditions; in Stage II, olivine subsequently underwent iddingsitization in an open ad oxidizing environment. During the serpentinization, substantial Fe and Ca were mobilized and enriched in the secondary minerals such as magnetite and carbonate, suggesting that the original olivine was completely replaced by high-Mg serpentine. In the later iddingsitization stage, Fe enrichment along with Si and Mg mobilization played a catalytic role in the formation and evolution of iddingsite and associated iron oxides. These findings reveal a complex and multi-stage alteration history of deep-sea peridotites in the Tianxiu hydrothermal field and provide valuable insights into mineral transformation mechanisms and element mobility in such settings.
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Key words:
- abyssal peridotite /
- serpentinization /
- iddingsitization /
- Tianxiu hydrothermal field
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表 1 蚀变橄榄岩全岩主量元素成分分析结果
Table 1. Chemical composition analysis of the metamorphic ultrabasic rocks
% 样品 SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 TFe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 LOI 总计 JL213U 38.93 0.007 0.48 7.90 0.04 37.53 0.09 0.15 0.033 0.020 14.39 99.56 JL214U 38.33 0.021 1.03 8.30 0.08 38.11 0.07 0.12 0.019 0.017 12.99 99.08 JL215U 32.23 0.003 0.33 27.87 0.12 18.99 0.14 0.62 0.204 0.076 18.44 99.01 注：TFe2O3代表全铁含量。 
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表 2 蚀变橄榄岩代表性矿物主量元素组成
Table 2. Major element composition of representative minerals in altered peridotite
% 矿物样品 Atg Ctl Spl Mgt Chl Idd JL213U JL214U JL213U JL214U JL213U JL214U JL213U JL214U JL213U JL214U JL215U JL215U SiO2 36.9 37.3 43.1 42.8 0.010 0.057 2.22 1.61 30.9 32.0 33.3 33.8 TiO2 0.069 0 0.060 0.058 0.176 0.397 0.026 0.101 0.011 0.115 0 0.006 Al2O3 1.29 1.33 0.246 0.154 34.6 11.7 0.057 0.016 16.6 15.3 12.1 0.358 K2O 0.007 0.030 0.011 0 0.04 0.018 0.005 0 0.057 0.018 0.033 0.230 P2O5 0 0 0.009 0.063 0 0 0 0.023 0.036 0 0.052 0.624 MnO 0.013 0.085 0.033 0 0.155 0.553 0.045 0.065 0.025 0 0.092 0.037 FeO 3.72 3.20 3.67 1.43 14.1 32.0 88.2 89.1 2.79 3.04 11.4 36.7 MgO 33.1 35.3 39.9 42.6 15.6 5.15 2.46 1.9 33.0 33.9 28.9 18.4 Cr2O3 1.07 0 0.013 0.011 33.8 48.6 0.038 0.080 1.52 1.24 0.076 0.012 CaO 0.002 0.161 0.058 0 0.003 0 0 0 0.028 0.027 0.063 0.892 Na2O 0.108 0.059 0 0 0.006 0.035 0.020 0.004 0.023 0.014 0.068 0.133 NiO 0.153 0.101 0.229 0.391 0.179 0.037 0.146 0.211 0.218 0.234 0.007 0.035 总计 76.5 77.5 87.3 87.6 98.7 98.6 93.2 93.2 85.2 85.9 86.1 91.2 注：Atg: 叶蛇纹石；Ctl: 纤蛇纹石；Spl: 尖晶石；Mgt: 磁铁矿；Chl: 绿泥石；Idd: 伊丁石。
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