A review of the application of stabilization remediation in heavy metal contaminated soil
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摘要:
自然和人为活动排放到环境中的重金属可能对人类健康、生态环境、经济和社会发展产生有害影响，因此重金属污染土壤的修复近年来备受关注。在重金属污染土壤的几种修复技术（物理修复、化学修复和生物修复）中，利用土壤改进剂的金属稳定技术受到了相当大的关注，是一种很有前景的土壤化学修复方法。文章综述了近年来国内外土壤改进剂在修复重金属污染土壤方面的研究进展，包括黏土矿物、含磷材料、金属和金属氧化物等无机材料，有机质、城市固体废物和生物炭等有机材料，以及一些有机、无机材料联合施用在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用。这些改进剂通过吸附、络合、沉淀和氧化还原等多种修复过程，有效地降低了土壤中重金属的生物有效性。最后，文章展望了今后的研究方向：应继续加强改进剂的基础理论研究，明确化学稳定过程和重金属修复机制，以促进该领域的发展，为重金属在污染土壤中的稳定修复研究和实践提供有价值的参考。
Abstract:Heavy metals discharged into the environment by natural and human activities may have harmful consequences on human health, ecological environment, economy and society, so the remediation of the soil contaminated with heavy metal has attracted much attention in recent years. Among several techniques for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil (physical remediation, chemical remediation and biological remediation), the metal stabilization technology using soil improvers has received considerable attention and is a promising method for soil remediation. In this paper, the research progress of soil improvers in remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil in recent years was reviewed, including inorganic materials such as clay minerals, phosphorus-containing materials, metals and metal oxides, organic materials such as organic matter, municipal solid waste and biochar, and some combined application of organic and inorganic materials in remediation of heavy metal- contaminated soil. These improvers effectively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil through various repair processes such as adsorption, complexation, precipitation and REDOX. Finally, the prospect of future research is put forward, and the basic theoretical research should be strengthened to clarify the chemical stabilization process and heavy metal repair mechanism, so as to broaden the development of this field. It provides a valuable reference for the study and practice of the stability of heavy metals in polluted soil.
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表 1 各类材料在土壤修复中的应用
Table 1. Application of various materials in soil remediation
固定材料 种类 金属离子 修复机理 修复效果 参考文献 水泥 石灰石煅烧黏土水泥 Zn 形成水合物Zn（OH）2、Zn2SiO4、CaZn（SiO4）（H2O） 淋溶液中Zn的含量均＜临界调节限值（100 mg /L） （Wu et al., 2023） 钙矾石和硅酸钙水合物 Pb 形成水合物、沉淀 pH值为11.4和10.2时, 浸出液浓度分别为2.3 μg/L和4.4 μg/L （Liu Y K et al., 2023） 石灰粉煤灰 Ca（OH）2和KH2PO4改性粉煤灰 Cu 提高pH值，形成水合物、沉淀，官能团的络合作用 CaCl2可萃取的Cu降低了13.5%～75% （Cui et al., 2023） 粉煤灰 Cd 以硅酸盐、磷酸盐和氢氧化物的形式沉淀 植物有效性降低60%，重
金属扩散通量减少84%（Gu et al., 2011） 粉煤灰 Sb、As 吸附，提高pH值 Sb的最高固定率为87.7%，As的最高固定率为85.9% （Ouyang et al., 2023） 石灰窑粉尘 Fe、Ni、Cu、Cd、 Hg 吸附 10%改进剂稳定效率为100% （Vandyck et al., 2023） 煤气化渣 Cd、As Cd 静电吸引和沉淀吸附，As 铁（氢）氧化物络合吸附 Cd、As的生物可利用度分别降低了41%、35% （Zhou C Z et al., 2023） 矿渣 Cd、Cu、Zn 吸附 水稻组织中Cd、Cu和Zn的浓度分别降低了82.6%～92.9%、88.4%～95.6%和67.4%～81.4% （Ning et al., 2016） 黏土矿物 膨润土 Cd、Pb 离子交换，内球配位吸附 Cd、Pb的可交换部分分别减少了11.1%～42.5%和 20.3%～49.3% （Sun et al., 2015） 高岭土 Zn 矿物边缘的离子/阳离子交换 可交换Zn下降了76%～99% （Vejvodová et al., 2020） 海泡石、凹凸棒石或蒙脱石 Cr 调控共存元素对Cd的拮抗或协同作用 渗滤液中总Cr含量分别降低了21.2%、29.2%和17.6% （Zhang et al., 2020） 海泡石 Cd、Pb 吸附，提高pH值 菠菜根系的Cd和Pb浓度分别降低了12.6%～51.0%和11.5%～46.0% （Sun et al., 2016） 巯基硅烷修饰坡缕石 Cd 形成化学共价键 土体DTPA-Cd和EXE-Cd分别降低了34.9%～49.7%、49.4%～84.8% （Zhang Y et al., 2023） 铁负载凹凸棒石 Cd 形成化学共价键 植物中Cd的含量下降了89.3% （Zhang J Q et al., 2023） 蒙脱土和外多糖改性高岭石 U 静电吸引 吸附能力分别提高了650%和60% （Zhang H M et al., 2023） 蒙脱土复合磷酸锆 Cd 内球配位吸附 Cd的吸附容量为275.6 mg/g （Zhang H J et al., 2023） 羧酸酯聚合物接枝蒙脱土 Cd 吸附 吸附量从19.55 mg/g提高到63.49 mg/g （Zeng Z L et al., 2023） 磷酸盐类 磷酸、磷酸二氢钾 Pb 不溶性磷酸铅的沉淀 水溶性、植物利用度和生物可利用度分别降低
了72%～100%、15%～86%和28%～92%（Cao et al., 2009; Yuan et al., 2016） 草酸活化磷矿、过磷 Pb 沉淀，提高pH值 Pb的浓度＜5 mg/L （Huang G Y et al., 2016） 羟基磷灰石 Pb 吸附 最大吸附能力为500 mg/g （Hashimoto and Sato, 2007） 赤泥、磷灰石及其复合材料 Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni 吸附 Pb、Cd、Zn和Ni的生物可利用组分分别下降到80.2%、88.6%、81.5%和47.3% （Shin and Kim, 2016） 磷灰石纳米颗粒 Pb 表面吸附 可浸出Pb下降至3% （Liu and Zhao, 2013） 羧甲基纤维素改性磷酸盐 Cu、As、Zn、Cd、Ni 离子交换、静电吸附、沉淀 As的钝化率分别为23.5%和11.1% （Ma et al., 2023） 聚氨基聚醚亚膦酸盐双六亚甲基三胺五亚甲基膦酸 Pb、Cu 还原、吸附 Cd和Pb的最佳去除效率分别为84%和41 % （Peng et al., 2021） 金属氧化物 Fe/Mn 改性 WTR Pb、Cu 增加pH值，官能团相互作用 黑麦草对 Pb 和 Cu 的
吸收降低了60%和45%（Wang et al., 2021） 铁锰氧化物 Zn 化学键合 吸附容量为64.52 mg/g （Chon et al., 2018） 无定形氧化锰 As、Zn、Cd、Pb 表面吸附 Cd和Zn的含量分别降低了64%和77% （Michálková et al., 2016） Fe和Zr-Fe氧化物、红泥 Pb 沉淀 可萃取Pb降低了83% （Almaroai et al., 2014） 纳米材料 鼠李糖脂包裹硫化零价铁 Pb、Cd、As 离子交换、表面络合、吸附、共沉淀、化学吸附和氧化还原 Pb、Cd和As的稳定效率分别达到89%、72%和63% （Song et al., 2023） 醋渣负载纳米零价铁 Cr 降低氧化还原电位 六价铬和总铬固定效率分别为100%和92% （Pei et al., 2020） 硫化纳米级零价铁 Cd 含硫和含氧官能团 DTPA可萃取Cd下降了
95.3%和94.3%（Xue et al., 2023） 生物炭负载纳米零价铁 Pb、Cd 吸附沉淀、吸附还原沉淀 Cd的固定化率为49.2% （Qian et al., 2022） 有机质 竹柳衍生生物炭 Cd、As 吸附 Cd的吸附容量为4.5 mg/kg，
As的吸附容量为 97.1 mg/kg（Meng et al., 2023） 污泥堆肥 Cu 离子络合后吸附 Cu的固定效率为85% （Wan et al., 2022） 腐殖酸 Cu 络合作用 淋洗量降低了62.5%，
去除率为 37.5%（Wang L N et al., 2023） 现代修复材料 掺镁羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖 Cu、Cd 离子交换、静电吸附和表面络合 Cu 和Cd 的最大去除量分别为133.5 mg/g和131.8 mg/g （Sun et al., 2022） 埃洛石纳米管HNT和生物炭复合材料 Pb、Cu、
Zn、Ni含氧官能团 Pb的去除率为99%、Cu的去除率为 95%、Cd的去除率为2.5 %、Ni的去除率为 81 % （Hassan et al., 2021） 多孔纤维素/壳聚糖复合微球 Cd 沉淀、螯合作用 Cd 的最大吸附量为
110.3 mg/g（Li et al., 2022） 生物炭负载钙铁层状
双氢氧化物Cu、Pb、
Zn、Cd沉淀、离子交换、络合和Π键相互作用 Cd 、Pb 、Zn 和Cu 的最大吸附量分别为24.6 mg/g、241 mg/g、57.6 mg/g和39.4 mg/g （Liang et al., 2023） Mn/Al层状双氧化物
蟹壳生物炭Cu、Cd 沉淀、络合、离子交换 Cu和Cd的钝化率分别为
74.8%和50.8%（Lin et al., 2023） 氧化铁-木质素复合材料 Pb、Cd 吸附结合、降低相变 Cd和Pb的浸出率分别降低了58.9%和78.2% （Liu et al., 2022） 复合修复材料 水泥+石灰+粉煤灰 Pb 矿物晶格结合 固定效率提高了 80.5% （Yang Z P et al., 2023） 有机-水合铁 Cd、As 生物有效度下降了57.8% （Xu et al., 2023） 市政污泥+生黏土 Pb 氧化 绿豆中的Pb积累量为83.4% （Zhang T et al., 2023） 生物炭+堆肥 - 固碳，改善土壤理化性质 - （Qian et al., 2023） 生物炭+堆肥 有机污染物 吸附 修复效率提高了66%～95% （Tran et al., 2023） 石灰+蘑菇残渣70%硝基复合肥+石灰+锯末 Cd 协同效应 可食用部分的Cd含量
最高下降了37.3%（Wang H Y et al., 2023） 石灰+有机肥
石灰+有机肥+磷酸钙镁肥
石灰+有机肥+海泡石
石灰+有机肥+磷酸钙镁肥+海泡石Cd 协同效应 混合改良剂显著降低了土壤镉的生物利用度 （Ran et al., 2023） 二氧化锰基复合改良剂
钙镁磷肥基复合改良剂Cd 吸附/特异吸附、共沉淀和表面络合作用 Cd的有效含量降低了28.6% （Tong et al., 2023） 
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表 2 一般水泥的主要种类及组成
Table 2. Main types and composition of cement
种类 组成 普通硅酸盐水泥 硅酸盐水泥熟料，6%～20%混合材料，适量石膏 硅酸盐水泥（波
兰特水泥）水泥熟料，0%～5%石灰石或粒化高炉矿渣，适量石膏 矿渣硅酸盐水泥 硅酸盐水泥熟料，20%～70%粒化高炉矿渣和适量石膏 火山灰质硅酸盐水泥 硅酸盐水泥熟料，20%～40%火山灰质混合材料和适量石膏 粉煤灰硅酸盐
水泥硅酸盐水泥熟料，20%～40%粉煤灰和适量石膏 复合硅酸盐水泥 硅酸盐水泥熟料，20%～50%两种或两种以上规定的混合材料和适量石膏
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表 3 常见的黏土矿物化学性质特征
Table 3. Chemical properties of common clay minerals
名称 化学成分 结构特征 性质 化学式 蒙脱石 含Al3+、Mg2+和OH-的硅酸盐 中间为铝氧八面体，上下为硅氧四面体的三层片状结构 高离子交换性、强吸附性、吸水膨胀性、多孔结构 （Na，Ca）0.33（Al，Mg）2［Si4O10］（OH）2·n H2O 海泡石 富镁硅酸盐黏土 3条辉石式单链构成的 2:1 结构带和连续的硅氧四面体层 高离子交换性、强吸附性、分散性、多孔结构 （Si12）（Mg8）O30（OH）4（OH2）4·8H2O 沸石 碱金属及碱土金属铝硅酸盐 硅氧四面体、铝氧八面体骨架晶格结构 高离子交换性、表面电负性、催化性、 强吸附性 Am Bp O2p·nH2O 高岭土 硅铝酸盐 1:1型层状硅氧四面体和铝氢氧八面体 吸附性，可塑性，
电绝缘性2SiO2·Al2O3·2H2O 凹凸棒 含有不定量的Na+、Ca2+、Fe3 +、Al3+含水富镁铝硅酸盐 具有链层状结构的呈毛发状或纤维状的集合体 高离子交换性、吸附性、吸水膨胀性、多孔结构 Mg5Si8O20（OH）2（OH2）4·4H2O
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表 4 不同碳源生物炭的修复实例
Table 4. Examples of remediation of biological carbon from different carbon sources
原料 碳化温度/℃ 生物质类型 老化量和时间 土壤类型 金属离子浓度 去除率 参考文献 农作物 700 ± 50 大豆壳 10%，90 天 农业土壤 Pb 1 945 mg/kg 95% （Ahmad et al., 2016） 辣椒茎 2.5%，45 天 农业土壤 Pb 1445 mg/kg65% （Igalavithana et al., 2019） 500 ± 50 玉米秸秆 30 t/ha，3 个月 稻田土 Cd 2.04 mg/kg 50.4% （Zhang et al., 2019） 玉米秸秆 2%，30 天 耕地土 Cd 2 mg/kg 91% （Gao et al., 2019） 稻壳 1%～5%，10 天 田土 Hg 1000 mg/kg＞94% （O'Connor et al., 2018） 稻草 40 t/ha，4 个月 稻田土 Cr 432.8 mg/kg 22.3% （Zhou et al., 2019） 甘蔗渣 1.5%，4 个月 农业土壤 Cd 50 mg/kg；
Cr 50 mg/kgCd 40.4%
Cr 48.1%～49.6%（Bashir et al., 2018） 山核桃壳 30 t/ha，6 个月 稻田土 Cd 2.04 mg/kg 53.6% （Zhang et al., 2019） 蔬菜渣 5%，45 天 农业土壤 Pb 1445 mg/kg87% （Igalavithana et al., 2019） 甘蔗渣 60 t/ha，24 个月 休耕地土 Cu 100 mg/kg 28% （Gonzaga et al., 2020） 甘蔗渣 60 t/ha，6 个月 休耕地土 Cu 100 mg/kg 41% （Gonzaga et al., 2018） 稻草 3%，30 天 稻田土 As 120 mg/kg 234.5% （Wang N et al., 2017） 小麦秸秆 0 t/ha～40 t/ha，3 年 农场土 Cd 1.78 和 3.81 mg/kg；
Pb 118和230 mg/kgCd 16%～20%
Pb 24%～67%（Sui et al., 2018） 小麦秸秆 0 t/ha～40 t/ha， 2年 农场土 Cd 0.9 mg/kg 57%～86% （Chen et al., 2016） 玉米杆、花生壳和稻壳 0%～4%，3 年 农场土 Cd 3.98 mg/kg 28.5%～59.4% （He et al., 2017） 稻草 0 t/ha ～20 t/ha，2 年 农场土 Cd 0.85 mg/kg 8.6%～50.2% （Sui et al., 2020） 小麦秸秆 0 t/ha ～40 t/ha，5 年 农场土 Cd 22.65 mg/kg；
Pb 621.23 mg/kgCd 7.5%～23.3%
Pb 3.7%～19.8%（Cui et al., 2016） 稻草 1%～3%，96 天 稻田土 As 212 mg/kg；
Cd 10.8 mg/kgAs 26%～49%
Cd 49%～68%（Yin et al., 2017） 300 ± 50 大豆秸秆 3%，6 天 农业土壤 Cd 1.36 mg/kg 65.7% （Li Y F et al., 2018） 小麦秸秆 72 t/ha，118 天 农场土 Hg 129 mg/kg 26% （Xing et al., 2019） 坚果壳 5%，24 个月 沉积淋溶土 Cu 338 mg/kg 68% （Moore et al., 2018） 木质生
物质700 ± 50 杨树枝 5%，1 天 菜园土 Pb 434 μg/g；
Zn 353 μg/g，Pb 46.56%
Zn 24.46%（Wang N et al., 2017） 橡树 0%～4%，3 年 农场土 Cd 11 mg/kg；
Zn 298 mg/kgCd 40%～66%
Zn 48%～77%（Egene et al., 2018） 500 ± 50 杨树 0%～3%，2 年 农场土 Cd 6.65 mg/kg ～
11.0 mg/kg；
Pb1124 mg/kg ～1148 mg/kg；
Zn1151 mg/kg ～
1 852 mg/kgCd 75%
Pb 86%
Zn 92%（Karer et al., 2018） 300 ± 50 洋麻 4%，2 年 农场土 Pb 2 050 mg/kg；
Zn 495 mg/kg；
Cu 654 mg/kg；
Cd 0.705 mg/kg；Pb 34.8%～63.8%
Zn 116%～21%
Cu 22.6%～37.2%
Cd 15%～20.1%（Han et al., 2020; He E K et al., 2019; He L Z et al., 2019） 杨树枝 5%，1 天 菜园土 Pb 434 mg/kg；
Zn 353 mg/kg，Pb＜3%
Zn＜5%（Wang H et al., 2017） 污泥 5%，17 周 稻田土 Hg 2.1 mg/kg和Hg 65.3 mg/kg 67% 和 29% （Zhang et al., 2019） 有机废物 700 ± 50 鸡粪 5%，14 天 矿山土壤 Cu 1 805 mg/kg 79% （Park et al., 2011） 500 ± 50 污泥 5%，77 天 黏土质地，碱性pH值和高有机质含量 Ni 1000 mg/kg88% （Méndez et al., 2014） 污泥 30 t/ha，6 个月 休耕地土 Cu 100 mg/kg 14.2% （Gonzaga et al., 2018） 鸡粪 5%，14 天 沉积淋溶土 Cu 800 mg/kg 73% （Meier et al., 2017） 300 ± 50 污泥 3%，6 天 农业土壤 As 98.7 mg/kg 11.7%～28.5% （Li G et al., 2018）
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