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摘要: 洪水触发形成的异重流(hyperpycnal flow)是盆地中一种重要的深水重力流沉积体系,是当前沉积学研究的热点。基于大量文献调研,文章对异重流的发育条件、演化过程以及沉积特征的研究现状与进展进行了归纳和总结。异重流是由洪泛期河流携带大量沉积物颗粒从河口直接注入的,流体密度大于环境水体密度且受浮力影响小并沿盆底流动的流体。异重流的形成受到多种因素的影响,主要包括地形、气候和物源条件。异重流的演化经历了回流区、深度有限流区和潜入区,在流动过程中流量振荡频繁,但总体表现出先增强后减弱的水动力学演化特征。异重流形成的沉积产物被称为异重岩,以发育流水成因交错层理、层内冲刷接触面、异地植物碎片、逆粒序-正粒序二元结构而区别于其他重力流沉积。根据异重流沉积物的搬运负载方式,可将异重岩划分为底载成因、悬载成因和漂浮物成因3种主要岩性类型。异重岩的沉积特征与其能量演化过程密切相关,不同空间位置形成的沉积序列及沉积单元存在一定差异。深入研究异重流沉积有助于完善深水重力流理论,对认识地表地质过程、重建古环境以及指导油气勘探具有重要意义。今后可以从构建多种沉积模式、多因素耦合研究和多尺度观测监测等方面展开研究,为异重流沉积学发展和实际地质应用提供更准确的理论依据。Abstract: Hyperpycnal flows triggered by floods are important deep-water gravity flow sedimentary systems in basins and are currently a hot topic in sedimentology research. Based on extensive literature review, this paper summarizes the research status and progress of hyperpycnal flows in terms of their development conditions, evolutionary processes, and sedimentary characteristics. Hyperpycnal flows are dense, formed and less affected by buoyancy during flood periods when a sediment-laden fluid plunges into the bottom of a water body and flows basinward. The formation of hyperpycnal flows is influenced by various factors, including topography, climate, and sediment sources. The evolutionary process of hyperpycnal flows involves backwater zone, depth-limited plume zone, and plunging zone, with frequent fluctuations in flow rate during flow, but overall exhibiting a hydrodynamic evolution characteristic of initial enhancement followed by attenuation. The sedimentary products formed by hyperpycnal flows are called hyperpycnites. They can be distinguished from other gravity flow deposits by their development of the typical sedimentary structures such as water causes cross-bedding, interlayer scour contact surface, allochthonous plant fragments, and the coupling of inverse and normal grading. Hyperpycnites can be divided into three lithofacies:bed load, the suspended load, and lofting, based on the sediment transport mode of the flow. The sedimentary characteristics of hyperpycnal deposits are closely related to the energy evolution process of hyperpycnal flows, and thus the characteristics of sedimentary sequences and sedimentary units formed in different spatial locations also vary. In-depth research on hyperpycnal flow sedimentation contributes to improving deep-water gravity flow theory and is of great significance for understanding surface geological processes, reconstructing ancient environments, and guiding oil and gas exploration. Future research can focus on constructing multiple sedimentary models, studying the coupling of multiple factors, and conducting multi-scale observation and monitoring to provide more accurate scientific basis for the development and practical geological applications of hyperpycnal flow sedimentology.
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