Revealing the evolutionary history of the Yangtze River based on sediments provenance in the middle and lower reaches and offshore regions: progress, challenges and prospects
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摘要:
长江作为连接青藏高原与西太平洋边缘海的关键纽带，其演化历史是揭示东亚“构造-地貌-气候”耦合机制的重要切入点。目前，学界围绕长江的形成及演化开展了大量研究，运用构造地貌学、沉积学等多学科方法深入分析，研究区域涵盖了上游的高原峡谷、三峡河流阶地，中下游的砾石层、江汉盆地以及海域盆地等。然而，关于长江的贯通时间，学界仍存在较大争议，提出了诸如始新世、中新世以前、晚中新世及早—中更新世之交等多种观点。文章基于长江中下游及海域的物源分析，系统梳理了长江演化研究的方法与进展，探讨了不同物源方法的适用性及面临的挑战。尽管多种物源方法为理解长江演化提供了重要证据，但各类方法均存在一定局限性。高封闭温度物源分析方法（碎屑锆石U-Pb定年等）易受再旋回物质的显著干扰，难以准确区分青藏高原东缘与长江中下游的物源贡献；低封闭温度方法（裂变径迹、云母及钾长石40Ar/39Ar测年等）能反映青藏东缘的独特隆升剥蚀过程，但相关研究较少。此外，陆域沉积易受局部物源影响且沉积连续性差，难以准确追溯长时间尺度的物源变化。相较而言，海域沉积地层受局部物源影响较小，且具有连续性好、年代标定精度高的优势。未来应加强多种同位素方法的联合应用，并注重对东海盆地等海域沉积记录的研究，结合沉积速率变化进行综合分析，以期更有效地揭示长江的演化历史。
Abstract:The Yangtze River, as a critical link between the Tibetan Plateau and the marginal seas of the western Pacific, serves as an important window for understanding the coupling mechanisms of tectonics, geomorphology, and climate in East Asia. Extensive research has been conducted on the formation and evolution of the Yangtze River, covering a wide range of regions from the upstream plateau gorges and river terraces in Three Gorges to the gravel layers in the mid-lower reaches, the Jianghan Basin and offshore basins. These studies have employed multidisciplinary approaches such as tectonic geomorphology and sedimentology to in-depth analyse. However, the timing of the river’s full connection remains highly debated, with hypotheses ranging from the Eocene, pre-Miocene, late Miocene, to the early-middle Pleistocene transition. Based on provenance analysis of sediments from the middle-lower Yangtze River and the offshore region, this study systematically reviews the methods and progress in the research on the Yangtze River’s evolution, discussing the applicability and challenges of different provenance approaches. Although multiple provenance methods provide crucial evidence for understanding the river’s evolution, each method has its limitations. High-closure-temperature provenance methods (e.g., detrital zircon U-Pb dating) are significantly affected by recycled materials, making it difficult to accurately distinguish sediment contributions from the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the middle-lower Yangtze River. Low closure temperature methods (e.g., fission track dating, mica and potassium feldspar 40Ar/39Ar dating) can effectively reflect the unique uplift and erosion processes of the eastern marginal Tibetan Plateau, but such studies remain relatively scarce. Moreover, terrestrial sediments are often influenced by local sources and suffer from poor depositional continuity, making it challenging to trace long-term provenance changes. In contrast, marine sedimentary sequences are less affected by local sources and offer advantages such as better continuity and higher chronological precision. It should be highlighted in the combined application of multiple isotopic provenance methods and the research on recording marine sedimentation including East China Sea Basin in the future. A comprehensive analysis with the change of sedimentation rate is expected to effectively reveal the evolution of the Yangtze River.
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Key words:
- Yangtze River /
- provenance analysis /
- isotopic dating /
- sedimentary records /
- East China Sea Basin
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图 1 长江流域地貌及水系分布简图（盆地区划修改自Ren et al., 2002; Zhu et al., 2019）
Figure 1.
图 2 长江流域大地构造单元区划及前人采样点位置分布图（修改自He et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2018, 2021; Yang et al., 2009 ; Zhang et al., 2016, 2021; Zheng et al., 2013）
Figure 2.
图 3 长江干流流域碎屑锆石U-Pb、云母40Ar/39Ar及长石40Ar/39Ar年龄谱图（数据来自He et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2016, 2018; Wang P et al.,2014, 2021; Yang et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2021, 2022; Zheng et al., 2013, 2015）
Figure 3.
图 4 长江支流流域碎屑锆石U-Pb、云母40Ar/39Ar、长石40Ar/39Ar年龄谱图（数据来自He et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2016, 2018; Wang P et al., 2014, 2021; Zhang et al., 2021, 2022; Zheng et al., 2013, 2015）
Figure 4.
图 5 长江流域地层碎屑锆石U-Pb、云母40Ar/39Ar、长石40Ar/39Ar年龄谱图（数据来自Fu et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2024; Shen et al., 2012b; Wang J T et al., 2010; Wang P et al., 2014, 2018; Wu et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2019; Zheng et al., 2013）
Figure 5.
图 6 长江流域砾石层钾长石Pb同位素比值图（数据引自Zhang et al., 2016, 2021, 2022）
Figure 6.
表 1 长江中下游主要物源示踪研究对比
Table 1. Comparison on provenance tracing in major research areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
研究区域 主要依据 主要结论 文献来源 分歧焦点 江汉盆地 周老孔深100 m处中-粗颗粒成分和稳定磁性矿物成分明显增加 距今1.17～1.12 Ma，长江三峡贯通 张玉芬等, 2008 取样点是否客观揭示长江演化信息 沉积相及物源分析显示，黄陵背斜基岩从新近纪开始遭受剥蚀 长江至少在约23 Ma前已贯通 Wang et al.,2014 长江砾石层及江汉盆地 新近纪以来，长江砾石层的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄组成未发生变化；江汉盆地在渐新世之前为湖相沉积 长江形成于36.5 ～23 Ma Zheng et al., 2013 （1）长江砾石层能否代表贯通后的长江干流沉积产物
（2）碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄能否有效区分长江上游物源信息长江砾石层中钾长石的铅同位素组成与桐柏—大别山基本一致，但与长江上游截然不同；在江汉盆地，周老孔3.4 Ma之后的钾长石铅同位素特征与长江上游一致 三峡的形成时间距今不超过10 Ma Zhang et al., 2021 长江中下游砾石层 通过对长江砾石层开展系统的年代学和沉积物源分析，发现其碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄特征与青藏高原的火山活动存在显著关联 长江于晚渐新世至早中新世时期已完成贯通 Wang et al.,2021 长江砾石层及现今长江干流 长江砾石层中云母及钾长石的40Ar/39Ar年龄与现今长江上游的情况截然不同，但与长江中游源区的特征高度吻合 在晚中新世之前，不存在贯通的长江 Sun et al., 2021 长江三角洲 碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄显示，自3.2 Ma以来长江三角洲的物源主要来自上游 距今3.2 Ma，长江已经形成 Jia et al., 2010 （1）如何客观解释某一时期或层段的物源变化
（2）不同区域沉积连续性差异大，物源的变化是代表水系的演化，还是反映沉积体系的变迁边缘海盆地 东海盆地晚中新世地层中首次记录到与现今长江干流具有高度相似性的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱特征 现代长江侵蚀模式（以青藏高原东缘为主要物源）在晚中新世（约10 Ma）确立 Fu et al., 2021 西湖凹陷渐新世碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄组成与现今长江相似 渐新世，长江已经形成 Wang et al., 2018 台湾岛中新世开始物源发生突变，碎屑钾长石铅同位素显示主要来自苏鲁—大别造山带 早中新世，长江尚未贯通 Zhang et al., 2022 
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表 2 多种同位素物源方法及其在长江流域研究中的应用
Table 2. Characteristics of multiple isotopic provenance methods and their applications in researching Yangtze River drainage basin
同位素物源方法 封闭温度/°C 优点 缺点 长江流域应用情况 高封闭
温度锆石
U-Pb＞900 分布广泛，极为稳定，普通铅含量极低，测年准确，方法成熟可靠 在基性岩中含量低，易受沉积再旋回影响 应用最为广泛，为现有多种观点提供了关键证据 锆石
Lu-Hf分布广泛，极为稳定，能够反映地壳演化，方法成熟可靠 在基性岩中含量低，易受沉积再旋回影响 长江现代沉积有大量的研究，但东海盆地尚无相关数据报道 较低
封闭
温度云母
40Ar/39Ar350～400 基本不受沉积再旋回影响，反映造山带剥露历史 易受风化作用影响，测试难度大，成岩后分选难度大 现今长江、江汉盆地及长江砾岩都有应用，可很好地区分青藏高原东缘物质与中下游物质 长石
40Ar/39Ar200～250 基本不受沉积再旋回影响，反映造山带剥露历史 易受风化作用影响，测试难度大，成岩后分选难度大 现今长江、江汉盆地及长江砾岩都有应用，可很好地区分青藏东缘物质与中下游物质 长石Pb 约450 沉积岩主要矿物组分基本不受沉积再旋回影响，不同地块Pb同位素差异较大，可通过电子探针对薄片进行原位测试 不同源区有一定重叠 上游和下游均开展了大量研究，已证实能相对有效地区分出上游物源 磷灰石
裂变径迹约120 受沉积再旋回影响小，很好地反映造山带抬升剥露史 所需样品量大，海域盆地易受埋藏升温的影响 青藏高原应用极为普遍，积累了大量数据；长江流域沉积物相关研究极少，仅江汉盆地开展少量工作
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