Remote sensing analysis of freeze-thaw desertification in Sanjiangyuan region
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摘要:
冻融荒漠化的快速发展对青藏高原的生态安全构成了严重挑战, 为提升冻融荒漠化的研究水平, 推动冻融荒漠化的科学防治，以三江源区的冻融荒漠化为研究对象，构建基于地学特征的冻融荒漠化遥感信息提取方法，并应用该方法对三江源区的冻融荒漠化进行遥感调查，分析研究区冻融荒漠化的分布特征、成因与发展趋势。研究结果显示: 永久性冻土分布地区在不同地理位置形成的冻土地貌类型是冻融荒漠化的判读依据，综合评价地表裸露与破碎面积占比、植被覆盖度、地表景观特征等指标，将冻融荒漠化分为重度、中度、轻度3个级别; 构建研究区不同程度冻融荒漠化的遥感解译标志，获取的三江源区冻融荒漠化解译数据准确率达80%以上; 研究区冻融荒漠化以重度为主，长江源区是三江源区冻融荒漠化分布面积最大的区域; 多年冻土是冻融荒漠化发生的物质条件，区域性气候持续变暖是冻融荒漠化问题加剧的内在原因，过度放牧、草地超载是造成冻融荒漠化快速发展的主要人类活动影响因素; 由于青藏高原气候的暖湿化趋势，永久性冻土的持续退化将造成冻融荒漠化进一步加剧。研究表明遥感调查方法能够实现对冻融荒漠化信息的快速获取，具有一定的借鉴意义。
Abstract:The rapid development of freeze-thaw desertification poses a serious challenge to the ecological security of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In order to improve the research level of freeze-thaw desertification and promote scientific prevention and control of freeze-thaw desertification, the authors took freeze-thaw desertification of Sanjiangyuan region as the study object to construct a remote sensing investigation method for freeze-thaw desertification based on geological features. The freeze-thaw desertification in Sanjiangyuan region was studied by this method to analyze its spatial distribution characteristics, the causes and the development trends of freeze-thaw desertification. The results show that the types of permafrost landforms formed in different geographical locations in permafrost distribution areas were the basis for interpreting freeze-thaw desertification and the freeze-thaw desertification was divided into three levels, that is severe, moderate and mild, combined with comprehensive indicators of proportion of exposed surface and fragmented areas, vegetation coverage, and surface landscape characteristics. The remote sensing interpretation indicators for different degrees of freeze-thaw desertification were constructed, and the interpretation accuracy of freeze-thaw desertification in Sanjiangyuan region was over 80%. The study area was dominated by severe freeze-that desertification, and Yangtze River source region has the largest distribution area of freeze-thaw desertification in Sanjiangyuan region. Permafrost was the material condition for the occurrence of freeze-thaw desertification, and the sustained warming of regional climate was the internal cause of the exacerbation of freeze-thaw desertification. And overgrazing and overloading were the main human activity influencing factors that cause the rapid development of freeze-thaw desertification. Due to the warming and humidifying trend of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau climate, the continuous degradation of permafrost will further exacerbate freeze-thaw desertification. The relevant research results indicated that remote sensing survey methods could achieve rapid acquisition of information on freeze-thaw desertification, which has certain reference significance.
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表 1 冻融荒漠化程度分级及遥感解译标志
Table 1. Degree classification and remote sensing interpretation marks of freeze-thaw desertification
程度 地表景观特征 土地裸露与破碎面积占比/% 植被覆盖度/% 遥感解译标志 遥感影像特征 重度 地表出现片状裸地及强烈的热融塌陷、热融滑塌、冻融侵蚀劣地，或雪线附近的岩屑坡、冻融泻溜土坎和裸露坡面等 >50 < 10 呈紫红色、棕灰色、灰色，局部由于积雪、冰川分布，呈黑色、白色斑片影纹，色彩较均匀，主要分布于山脊两侧，可解译程度高 见图 2(b) 中度 地表出现热融滑塌或形成碎石斑、片状流沙、冻融泻溜土坎和裸露坡面等 [10,50] [10,30] 呈紫红色、粉红色，具绿色、棕色斑点状影纹，不规则条带状分布，主要分布于山体中下部的坡面，可解译程度高 见图 2(d)、图 2(f) 轻度 地表出现热融湖塘或形成冻融泻溜土坎、草皮土坎等 < 10 >30 呈浅紫红色，具绿色或蓝色斑点状影纹，不规则斑片状分布于低缓的河谷丘陵或河流、湖盆周边地区，可解译程度高。 见图 2(h) 
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