Effects of urbanization on groundwater level in aquifers of Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
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Abstract:
The purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of urbanization on the groundwater level (GWL) in aquifers of Binh Duong (BD) Province. The research method is to analyze the trend of GWL, the recharge capacity of surface over time and the relationship between them. The data of the GWL used in the study are the average values in the dry and rainy seasons of 35 observation wells from 2011 to 2018, which are in Pleistocene and Pliocene aquifers. The ability to recharge groundwater from the surface in this study was represented by the curve number (CN), a parameter used in hydrology for calculating direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall. The land use data to identify the CN was analyzed from the Landsat images. The results show that besides over-exploitation, the change of surface characteristic due to the urbanization development process is also the cause of the GWL decline. The analysis of seasonal GWL data shows that the increase in impervious surface area is the cause of GWL decline in the Pleistocene aquifer, which is more evident in the rainy season than in the dry season. The statistical results also show that in the rainy season and in shallow aquifers, a higher CN change can be found with the wells that had a remarkable GWL decline compared to the remaining wells.
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Key words:
- Urbanization /
- Land use change /
- Impervious surface /
- Curve number /
- Groundwater level
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Table 1. Characteristics of the main aquifers in BD
Series Subseries Aquifer Mean thickness (m) Depth from surface (m) Lithology Storage capacity Pleistocene Upper qp3 Sand, pebble, gravel and clay powder Very low Middle qp2-3 13.2 15~30 Pebble, gravel, sand and clay Low Lower qp1 20.1 30~50 Sand, pebble and gravel Medium Pliocene Middle n22 16.1 50~80 Fine sand and pebble, sand and clay powder Medium to high Lower n21 43.6 > 80 Sand, pebble, gravel, sand mixed with clay powder High 
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Table 2. Change of built-up areas over the 2011-2018 period
ID Administrative units Area (ha) Built-up areas (ha) Built-up areas (%) Increase (%) 2011 2018 2011 2018 1 Tan uyen Town 18 363 2 265 8 292 12.3 45.2 32.8 2 Di An Town 6 010 2 794 4 745 46.5 79.0 32.5 3 Thuan An Town 8 373 3 116 5 748 37.2 68.7 31.4 4 Thu Dau Mot City 11 840 2 838 5 960 24.0 50.3 26.4 5 Ben Cat Town 23 486 2 210 7 159 9.4 30.5 21.1 6 Bac Tan Uyen District 40 824 950 5 617 2.3 13.8 11.4 7 Phu Giao District 54 370 781 6 021 1.4 11.1 9.6 8 Bau Bang District 34 047 786 3 731 2.3 11.0 8.7 9 Dau Tieng District 72 044 872 5 201 1.2 7.2 6.0
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Table 3. The average of CN in administrative units
ID Administrative units CN mean △CN Year 2011 Year 2018 1 Tan uyen Town 74.1 79.0 4.9 2 Di An Town 80.4 85.0 4.6 3 Thuan An Town 79.2 83.6 4.4 4 Thu Dau Mot City 76.8 80.5 3.7 5 Ben Cat Town 71.2 74.6 3.4 6 Bac Tan Uyen District 68.9 70.9 2 7 Phu Giao District 67.4 69.2 1.8 8 Bau Bang District 67.9 69.7 1.8 9 Dau Tieng District 69.2 70.5 1.3 10 Binh Duong Province 70.0 72.3 2.3
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Table 4. The average of CN in the buffer zone of wells
Buffer radius 1 km 3 km 5 km 7 km CN 2011 Min 65.8 65.9 66.1 66.0 Max 83.7 83.1 81.2 81.2 Mean 76.0 74.2 73.6 73.1 CN 2018 Min 68.4 68.5 68.5 67.7 Max 87.9 87.3 85.9 85.9 Mean 80.9 79.0 78.2 77.6 △CN Min 2.2 2.5 2.4 1.7 Max 7.8 7.7 6.2 6.6 Mean 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.5
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Table 5. The correlation coefficient (R) between the rate of GWL reduction and dQ
Dry season Rainy season Mean Buffer radius 1 km 3 km 5 km 1 km 3 km 5 km 1 km 3 km 5 km qp1 -0.71 -0.94 -0.87 -0.99 -0.67 -0.29 -0.85 -0.80 -0.58 n22 -0.61 -0.63 -0.58 -0.57 -0.67 -0.49 -0.59 -0.65 -0.53 n21 -0.54 -0.55 -0.59 -0.50 -0.62 -0.73 -0.52 -0.59 -0.66
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Table 6. Comparison of GWL trends in rainy season and dry season
Series Aquifer The number of wells tends to decrease Sen's slope (m/a) Mean Max Dry season Rainy season Dry season Rainy season Dry season Rainy season Pleistocene qp2-3 1 3 -0.33 -0.29 -0.33 -0.56 qp1 2 6 -0.33 -0.27 -0.34 -0.61 Pliocene n22 9 10 -0.31 -0.33 -0.65 -0.74 n21 4 5 -0.35 -0.33 -0.57 -0.62
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Table 7. Results of MK test and Sen's Slope analysis of rainfall at weather stations in the 2011-2018 period
Season Weather station Sen's slope (mm/season) Trend Confidence level (%) Dry season Tay Ninh 5.7 Unknown Dong Phu 3.1 Unknown Tri An 2.5 Unknown Tan Son Hoa 2.2 Unknown So Sao 9.1 Unknown Rainy season Tay Ninh 29.8 Increasing 60 Dong Phu 42.0 Unknown Tri An 24.3 Unknown Tan Son Hoa 70.8 Increasing 70 So Sao 50.0 Increasing 80
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Table 8. Results of MK test and Sen's Slope analysis of rainfall at weather stations in the 1988-2018 period
Season Weather station Sen's slope (mm/season) Trend Confidence level (%) Dry season Tay Ninh 2.1 Unknown Dong Phu 4.6 Increasing 80 Tri An 2.3 Increasing 90 Tan Son Hoa 6.0 Increasing 98 So Sao 3.9 Increasing 90 Rainy season Tay Ninh 2.4 Unknown Dong Phu 1.9 Unknown Tri An 8.1 Increasing 90 Tan Son Hoa 7.2 Unknown So Sao 3.3 Unknown
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Table 9. Infiltration change in the rainy season over the period of 2011-2018
ID Administrative units Infiltration rate (mm/season) Change (%) CN of 2011 CN of 2018 1 Tan Uyen Town 570 460 19 2 Di An Town 428 326 24 3 Thuan An Town 455 357 22 4 Thu Dau Mot City 509 426 16
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Table 10. The mean of △CN by group, buffer radius and aquifers
Group Series Number △CN by buffer radius 1 km 3 km 5 km 7 km 1 Pleistocene 6 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.1 Pliocene 10 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.8 2 Pleistocene 5 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.5 Pliocene 14 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.2 Difference Pleistocene 1 1.2 0.8 0.6 Pliocene -0.1 0.4 0.4 0.6
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