Identification of groundwater potential in hard rock aquifer systems using Remote Sensing, GIS and Magnetic Survey in Veppanthattai, Perambalur, Tamilnadu
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Abstract:
Water is an essential natural resource without which life wouldn’t exist. The study aims to identify groundwater potential areas in Vepapanthattai taluk of Perambalur district, Tamil Nadu, India, using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model. Remote sensing and magnetic parameters have been used to determine the evaluation indicators for groundwater occurrence under the ArcGIS environment. Groundwater occurrence is linked to structural porosity and permeability over the predominantly hard rock terrain, making magnetic data more relevant for locating groundwater potential zones in the research area. NE-SW and NW-SE trending magnetic breaks derived from reduction to pole map are found to be more significant for groundwater exploration. The lineaments rose diagram indicates the general trend of the fracture to be in the NE-SW direction. Assigned normalised criteria weights acquired using the AHP model was used to reclassify the thematic layers. As a result, the taluk’s low, moderate, and high potential zones cover 25.08%, 25.68% and 49.24% of the study area, respectively. The high potential zones exhibit characteristics favourable for groundwater infiltration and storage, with factors as gentle slope of <3°, high lineament densities, magnetic breaks, magnetic low zones as indicative of dykes and cracks, lithology as colluvial deposits and land surface with dense vegetation. The depth of the fracture zones was estimated using power spectrum and Euler Deconvolution method. The groundwater potential mapping results were validated using groundwater level data measured from the wells, which indicated that the groundwater potential zoning results are consistent with the data derived from the real world.
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Table 1. Lineament density and its areal size
Density range (km/km2) Density grade Size (km2) 0.00 – 0.46 Very low 145 0.46 – 0.77 Low 144 0.77 – 1.06 Moderate 132 1.06 – 1.39 High 100 1.39 – 2.08 Very High 48 
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Table 2. Drainage density and its areal size
Density range (km/km2) Density grade Size (km2) 0.12 – 1.34 Very Low 81 1.34 – 2.03 Low 161 2.03 – 2.69 Moderate 185 2.69 – 3.49 High 115 3.49 – 5.15 Very High 32
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Table 3. Pairwise comparison matrix rating
Intensity of importance Definition Explanation 1 Equal importance Two activities contribute equally to the objective 3 Moderate importance Experience and judgment slightly favour one over another 5 Strong importance Experience and judgement strongly favour one over another 7 Very strong importance Activity is strongly favoured and its dominance is demonstrated 9 Absolute importance Importance of one over another affirmed on the highest possible order 2,4,6,8 Intermediate values Used to represent compromise between priorities listed above Reciprocal of above non-zero numbers If activity I has one of the above non-zero numbers assigned to it when compared with activity j, then j has the reciprocal value when compared with i
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Table 4. Pairwise Comparison Matrix
Item Description LULC NDVI Wetness LD DD Lithology Soil Slope Dist to Magnetic Breaks Geomorphology LULC 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.25 0.50 2.00 3.00 2.00 0.25 0.50 NDVI 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.25 0.50 2.00 3.00 2.00 0.25 0.50 Wetness 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.25 0.50 2.00 3.00 2.00 0.25 0.50 Lineament density 4.00 4.00 4.00 1.00 2.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 1.00 2.00 Drainage density 2.00 2.00 2.00 0.50 1.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 0.50 1.00 Lithology 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.17 0.25 1.00 2.00 1.00 0.16 0.25 Soil 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.14 0.20 0.50 1.00 0.50 0.14 0.20 Slope 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.17 0.25 1.00 2.00 1.00 0.16 0.25 Dist to Magnetic Breaks 4.00 4.00 4.00 1.00 2.00 6.25 7.14 6.25 1.00 2.00 Geomorphology 2.00 2.00 2.00 0.50 1.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 0.50 1.00
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Table 5. Normalized matrix with criteria weights
Item description LULC NDVI Wetness LD DD Lithology Soil Slope Distance to magnetic breaks Geomorphology Criteria weights LULC 0.061 0.061 0.061 0.059 0.061 0.070 0.079 0.070 0.059 0.061 0.064 NDVI 0.061 0.061 0.061 0.059 0.061 0.070 0.079 0.070 0.059 0.061 0.064 Wetness 0.061 0.061 0.061 0.059 0.061 0.070 0.079 0.070 0.059 0.061 0.064 Lineament density 0.245 0.245 0.245 0.237 0.244 0.209 0.184 0.209 0.238 0.244 0.230 Drainage density 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.118 0.122 0.139 0.131 0.139 0.119 0.122 0.126 Lithology 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.039 0.030 0.035 0.052 0.035 0.038 0.030 0.035 Soil 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.034 0.024 0.017 0.026 0.017 0.033 0.024 0.024 Slope 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.039 0.030 0.035 0.052 0.035 0.038 0.030 0.035 Distance to Magnetic breaks 0.245 0.245 0.245 0.237 0.244 0.217 0.187 0.217 0.238 0.244 0.232 Geomorphology 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.118 0.122 0.139 0.131 0.139 0.119 0.122 0.126
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