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摘要: 钒是工业国家重点关注和争夺的资源，已被部分国家列为关键金属。本文对矿床类型、地质特征、时空分布以及成矿机制等方面进行了系统总结和分析，以期丰富钒成矿理论研究，为提高钒资源的预测和勘查效率提供支撑，为钒资源储备提供保障。研究发现，钒矿床主要分为岩浆型和沉积型，其中岩浆型钒矿床（主要指钒钛磁铁矿床）成矿与铁镁质–超铁镁质岩及部分斜长岩侵位密切相关，成矿年龄与成岩年龄一致，钒可能来自上地幔并在岩浆演化过程中结晶析出赋存于含钒钛磁铁矿中；沉积型钒矿床多形成于黑色岩系及部分砂岩中，成矿多集中于上寒武世，钒可能来自海水和赋矿围岩，由于氧化还原电位降低，以吸附和类质同象等形式赋存于有机质和硅酸盐矿物中。同时，钒矿床的成因研究存在较多问题，如成矿物质钒的来源、迁移过程、赋存形式及富集条件等。笔者建议在今后研究中通过分析钒化学行为、围岩沉积物理–化学–生物条件及岩浆演化的地质动力背景来解析钒矿床成因机制。Abstract: As a kind of essential and vital resources, vanadium has been listed as the critical metal by some countries. In this paper, the authors thoroughly summarize the deposit types, geological features and spatial-temporal distributions and metallogenic mechanisms of vanadium deposits, hoping to enrich theoretical research of vanadium deposits, to improve the efficiency of prediction and exploration of vanadium resources, and to guarantee the vanadium reserves. According to the ore-forming process, vanadium deposits are divided into magmatic vanadium deposit and sedimentary vanadium deposit. The magmatic vanadium deposits, which mainly refer to V-Ti-magnetite deposits, are formed contemporaneously during the evolution and emplacement of mafic-ultramafic magma, and the vanadium from the upper mantle enriched in the V-bearing titanomagnetite by crystal fractionation. The sedimentary vanadium deposits mainly concentrate in the Low Cambrian black rock series, in which vanadium is derived from seawater and wall rock and is enriched in organic matter by absorption or silicate minerals by isomorphism due to reducing of the redox potential. A number of scientific problems concerning mineralization processes of vanadium deposits such as the sources of vanadium, their migration process, and the state and enrichment condition need to be solved in the future. It is suggested that the study of the chemical behavior of V, the physical, chemical and biological conditions of wall rock, and the geodynamic settings of magma are crucial to understand the metallogenic mechanism of vanadium deposits.
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Key words:
- vanadium deposit /
- deposit type /
- material source /
- occurring state /
- enrichment mechanism
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