Features and origin of calcirudites in the first member of Feixianguan Formation in Guangyuan area, northwestern Sichuan Province
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摘要:
广元上寺剖面早三叠世砾屑灰岩对上扬子地区P-T事件后的古环境变化研究具有重要的理论意义。本文以下三叠统飞仙关组一段格里斯巴赫亚阶的砾屑灰岩为研究对象，通过沉积学、岩石学方法，结合不同砾屑灰岩碳、氧同位素变化特征来分析其可能的成因。结果表明，这些砾屑灰岩可划分出4大类：剖面下部的Ⅰ型砾屑灰岩，形状不规则，大小混杂，缺乏板条状砾屑，推测为重力流成因；Ⅱ型砾屑灰岩（角砾状灰岩）砾屑直径大，含大量分米级板条状砾屑，推测为强度和频率急剧增加的风暴诱发的沉积；Ⅲ型砾屑灰岩（扁平砾屑灰岩）的砾屑平行于层面分布，平面上呈扁平状，垂向切片呈竹叶状，具有倒“小”字、菊花状构造和局部呈叠瓦状排列等特征，推测为机械－压溶复合成因；Ⅳ型砾屑灰岩显示为蠕虫状灰岩，代表着水动力条件相对较弱的环境，推测为生物－机械复合成因。风暴对先期沉积的灰岩的撕裂是扁平砾屑形成的基础，后期成岩过程中泥质填隙物与灰岩砾屑的差异压实是扁平砾屑灰岩形成的又一原因。蠕虫状灰岩可能为生物－风暴、成岩作用共同的结果，与扁平砾屑灰岩在成因上有一定的联系。上寺剖面飞一段碳酸盐岩碳同位素曲线显示出缓慢上升的趋势，角砾状灰岩（Ⅱ型砾屑灰岩）发育后期碳同位素发生正偏，指示着沉积环境的过渡转折，可能和这一时期风暴作用对海洋的影响致使浮游微生物繁盛有关。
Abstract:The Early Triassic calcirudites in the Shangsi section, Guanyuan city, have great significance for the study of paleoenvironmental changes after the latest Permian mass extinction (LPME) in the Upper Yangtze region. In this paper, we studied the possible cause of formation of the Griesbachian calcirudites from the first member of the Feixianguan Formation, using the methods of sedimentology, petrology, and C-O isotopic geochemistry. The results show that these calcirudites can be subdivided into four types: Type-Ⅰ calcirudites appear in the lower part of the section, with irregular shapes, mixed sizes, and a lack of lath-shaped gravels, indicating a gravity flow origin; Type-Ⅱ calcirudites contain an abundance of decimeter-sized flat pebbles with large gravel diameters, suggesting storm-induced deposition with increased intensity and frequency; Type-Ⅲ calcirudites show flat gravels distributed in parallel with the bedding plane and "bamboo leaf-shaped" gravels in the vertical section, with the characteristics of a chrysanthemum-shaped structure and imbricate arrangement, suggesting a mechanical and pressure solution origin; Type-Ⅳ calcirudites are vermicular limestones, representing a relatively weak water flow condition, suggesting a microbial and mechanical combined origin. Stromatolites altered the earlier limestones, which are the foundation for the formation of flat gravels. Later, argillaceous fillings and differential compaction of calcareous gravels during the diagenetic period constitute another reason for the formation of flat gravels. Vermicular limestones could be a result of the combination of biology and storms with diagenesis, which have a potential connection in cause with flat calcirudites. The carbon isotope curve of carbonate rocks from the first member of the Feixianguan Formation shows a slowly ascending trend, and the carbon isotope curve exhibits a positive shift in brecciated limestone (Type-Ⅱ calcirudite), indicating a transition of sedimentary environment, which could be the result of thriving planktonic microorganisms in oceans related to storms during this period.
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表 1 上寺剖面飞仙关组一段砾屑灰岩分类表
Table 1. Classification of calcirudites in the Feixianguan Formation, Shangsi section
序号 岩石名称 砾屑特征 砾屑粒径区间 支撑结构 磨圆度 沉积构造 Ⅰ 重力流砾屑灰岩 不规则状，见少量板条状 巨砾—细砾 杂基支撑 棱角状—次圆状 粒序构造，块状构造，砾屑“漂浮状” Ⅱ 角砾状灰岩 椭球状，大量板条状 中砾—细砾 颗粒支撑，少量杂基支撑 次圆状—圆状 菊花状构造（倒 “小”字），沙纹层理 Ⅲ 扁平砾屑灰岩 竹叶状 中砾 颗粒支撑 次圆状—圆状 叠瓦状构造，递变层理，侵蚀构造 Ⅳ 蠕虫状灰岩 不规则蠕虫状，鲕粒和生屑丰富 细砾 颗粒支撑 次圆状—圆状 砾屑边缘见溶蚀锯齿状边缘 
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表 2 上寺剖面飞仙关组1段全岩碳、氧同位素数据
Table 2. Carbon and oxygen isotope data of bulk rock in the Feixianguan Formation, Shangsi section
飞仙关组1段全岩碳、氧同位素 层位 岩性 δ13C/‰ δ18O/‰ 1 层 灰质泥岩 －6.4 －7.5 1 层 泥晶灰岩 －2.9 －4.5 1 层 纹层状微晶灰岩 －2.5 －4.8 2 层 微晶灰岩 －1.9 －5.1 2 层 微晶灰岩 －2.2 －5.7 3 层 砾屑灰岩 －0.8 －4.3 4 层 微晶灰岩 －1.7 －5 4 层 透镜状微晶灰岩 －1.9 －5 4 层 薄层状微晶灰岩 －2.2 －6.3 5 层 厚层微晶灰岩 －1.6 －5.5 5 层 厚层微晶灰岩 －2.4 －6.7 6 层 厚层灰岩 －1.2 －5.5 6 层 厚层微晶灰岩 －1.3 －4.9 7 层 厚层灰岩 －1.4 －5.4 7 层 微晶灰岩 －0.9 －4.8 8 层 中薄层微晶灰岩 －0.5 －4.8 8 层 中薄层泥晶灰岩 －1.3 －5.3 8 层 中薄层状微晶灰岩 －1.7 －5.6 8 层 中薄层状泥晶灰岩 －1.8 －6.8 9 层 泥晶灰岩 －1.4 －5.4 9 层 中薄层泥晶灰岩 －1.1 －5.6 9 层 中薄层泥晶灰岩 －0.4 －5.7 10 层 角砾状砾屑灰岩 －0.89 －5.8 10 层 角砾状砾屑灰岩 －0.3 －5.6 11 层 扁平砾屑灰岩 －0.26 －4.4 11 层 扁平砾屑灰岩 0.3 －5.5 11 层 扁平砾屑灰岩 0.29 －5.6 11 层 微晶灰岩 －0.29 －6.7 11 层 纹层状颗粒灰岩 0.5 －5.8 12 层 扁平砾屑灰岩 0.4 －5.1 12 层 扁平砾屑灰岩 0.4 －5.1 12 层 微晶灰岩 0.4 －5.5 13 层 扁平砾屑灰岩 0.4 －5.2 13 层 砾屑灰岩 0.4 －4.7
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表 3 上寺剖面飞仙关组1段砾屑灰岩基质全岩碳、氧同位素数据
Table 3. Carbon and oxygen isotope data of micrites of calcirudites in the Feixianguan Formation, Shangsi section
飞仙关组1段砾屑灰岩基质碳、氧同位素 层位 岩性 δ13C/‰ δ18O/‰ 3层 Ⅰ型砾屑灰岩 －0.98 －6.7 3层 Ⅰ型砾屑灰岩 －0.79 －6.06 3层 Ⅰ型砾屑灰岩 －0.81 －5.59 3层 Ⅰ型砾屑灰岩 －0.88 －5.5 3层 Ⅰ型砾屑灰岩 －0.71 －5.86 3层 Ⅰ型砾屑灰岩 －0.75 －5.69 10层 Ⅱ型砾屑灰岩 1.37 －7.12 10层 Ⅱ型砾屑灰岩 0.7 －5.51 10层 Ⅱ型砾屑灰岩 2.05 －6.02 10层 Ⅱ型砾屑灰岩 0.73 －5.43 10层 Ⅱ型砾屑灰岩 2.34 －5.26 10层 Ⅱ型砾屑灰岩 1.76 －6.1 12层 Ⅲ型砾屑灰岩 1.79 －5.4 13层 Ⅲ型砾屑灰岩 1.61 －5.5 13层 Ⅳ型砾屑灰岩 1.72 －5.59 13层 Ⅳ型砾屑灰岩 1.83 －6.8 13层 Ⅳ型砾屑灰岩 1.77 －5.53 13层 Ⅳ型砾屑灰岩 1.51 －5.86
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