Sources analysis and ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals and metalloids in Yao'an area of central Yunnan
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摘要:
为了解滇中姚安地区表层土壤重（类）金属的污染特征、来源及生态风险状况，在研究区共采集表层土壤样品428件，对其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn元素的含量进行测试分析。通过数据统计分析和地球化学图说明了这些重（类）金属元素的含量分布特征和空间分布特征。运用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析方法探究了重（类）金属的来源。运用地累积指数法、富集系数法和潜在生态危害指数法对研究区土壤重（类）金属污染程度及潜在生态风险进行了评价。研究结果表明，As、Cu、Pb和Zn受自然背景与矿产开采共同影响；Cr、Ni主要来源于成土母质；而Cd受矿产开采和农业施肥的影响较大；Hg则受周边工厂以及煤炭燃烧的影响。地累积指数和富集系数分析表明，研究区污染程度普遍不高，但局部地区有重（类）金属元素的污染富集，代表元素为Cd和Hg。而潜在生态危害指数法分析结果也表明Cd和Hg是研究区最主要的风险元素，但以轻度和中度生态危害为主，强生态危害分布面积较小，研究区生态风险整体较低，风险可控。本研究对滇中地区的土壤重（类）金属的污染评价和土地利用发展规划有一定的参考作用。
Abstract:A suite of 428 surface soil samples were collected in the Yao'an area of central Yunnan area to evaluate the pollution characteristics, sources, and ecological risks associated with the heavy metals and metalloids such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn. The concentrations and spatial distribution characteristics of these heavy metal elements are illustrated through statistical data analysis and geochemical maps. The sources of heavy metals and metalloids were explored using correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis methods. The degree of heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risks were evaluated by the geo-accumulation index method, the enrichment factor method, and the potential ecological risk index method. The results show that As, Cu, Pb and Zn are influenced by the natural background and mineral mining. Cr and Ni mainly reflect soil parent materials; Cd enrichment is associated with mineral mining and agricultural fertilizer use. Hg is affected by surrounding factory emissions and coal combustion. The analysis of the Geo-accumulation Index and Enrichment Factor showed that the pollution degree in the study area was generally not high; however, there was local enrichment of the heavy metals such as Cd and Hg. The potential ecological risk index method also showed that Cd and Hg are the most important risk elements in the study area, but they are mainly mild and moderate ecological hazards. The distribution area of strong ecological hazards is small, and the overall ecological risk in the study area is low and controllable. Our study provides a current assessment of soil heavy metal and metalloid pollution in the study area that can be used to guide future land-using plan in central Yunnan.
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Key words:
- soil /
- heavy metal and metalloid /
- source analysis /
- risk assessment /
- central Yunnan
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表 1 地累积指数评价指标
Table 1. Geo-accumulation index and contamination grades
等级 Igeo值 富集(污染)程度 Ⅰ ≤0 无富集(无污染) Ⅱ 0～1 轻微富集(轻微污染) Ⅲ 1～2 中度富集(中度污染) Ⅳ 2～3 中强富集(中强污染) Ⅴ 3～4 强富集(强污染) Ⅵ 4～5 较强富集(较强污染) Ⅶ >5 极强富集(极强污染) 
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表 2 富集系数评价指标
Table 2. Enrichment factor and contamination grades
等级 EF值 富集(污染)程度 Ⅰ ≤0 无富集(无污染) Ⅱ 1～2 轻微富集(轻微污染) Ⅲ 2～5 中度富集(中度污染) Ⅳ 5～20 显著富集(中强污染) Ⅴ 20～40 强烈富集(强污染) Ⅵ >40 极强富集(较强污染)
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表 3 重（类）金属的生态风险系数和潜在生态风险指数
Table 3. Potential ecological risk coefficient and its indices of the heavy metals and metalloids
值潜在生态危害程度 RI值 潜在生态风险程度 <40 轻度 <150 轻度 40～80 中度 150～300 中度 80～160 强 300～600 强 160～320 很强 >600 很强 >320 极强
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表 4 土壤重（类）金属元素含量分析统计
Table 4. Statistics of heavy metal and metalloid concentration in soils
项目 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn Fe 平均值/mg·kg－1 11.53 0.31 99.53 34.50 0.04 43.50 41.53 84.92 5.69 最小值/mg·kg－1 3.11 0.06 47.20 8.06 0.01 10.80 12.20 22.00 1.85 25% 8.90 0.19 91.30 27.93 0.03 38.73 24.80 71.80 5.26 百分位数 50% 10.60 0.24 99.85 33.15 0.03 43.95 27.25 81.60 5.80 75% 12.80 0.31 107.00 39.10 0.05 48.60 31.20 92.25 6.29 最大值/mg·kg－1 38.10 14.20 187.00 148.00 0.45 78.10 1819.00 268.00 8.11 标准偏差/mg·kg－1 4.66 0.74 14.62 11.89 0.04 9.24 96.78 26.51 0.86 变异系数 0.40 2.39 0.15 0.34 0.86 0.21 2.33 0.31 0.15 偏度 2.01 16.59 0.23 3.61 7.31 －0.12 15.28 3.08 －1.08 峰度 6.30 299.40 3.96 26.14 72.85 1.44 270.50 16.83 2.55 云南省土壤背景值/mg·kg－1 18.4 0.22 65.2 46.3 0.06 42.5 40.6 89.7 5.22 全国土壤背景值/mg·kg－1 11.2 0.10 61 22.6 0.07 26.9 26 74.2 2.94 土壤风险筛选值/mg·kg－1 30 0.3 150 50 0.5 60 70 200 pH≤5.5 30 0.3 150 50 0.5 70 90 200 5.5<pH≤6.5 25 0.3 200 100 0.6 100 120 250 6.5<pH≤7.5 20 0.6 250 100 1 190 170 300 pH>7.5 超标率/% 1.17 23.36 0.47 3.50 0 0.93 4.91 0.93 注：Fe含量单位为%。
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表 5 土壤重（类）金属相关性分析
Table 5. Correlation analysis of heavy metals and metalloids in soils
元素 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn Fe2O3 MgO As 1 0.103** 0.079 0.408** 0.339** 0.164** 0.475** 0.607** 0.283** －0.067 Cd 1 －0.029 0.165** 0.089 0.03 0.032 0.206** －0.002 0.001 Cr 1 0.252** －0.120* 0.783** －0.054 0.092 0.653** 0.368** Cu 1 0.123* 0.374** 0.529** 0.477** 0.459** 0.311** Hg 1 －0.048 0.245** 0.280** 0.028 －0.111* Ni 1 0.014 0.335** 0.760** 0.651** Pb 1 0.564** 0.093 －0.070 Zn 1 0.451** 0.271** 注：*表示P<0.05，**表示P<0.01。
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表 6 土壤重（类）金属含量的主成分分析
Table 6. Principal component analysis of the heavy metal and metalloid concentrations in soils
重（类）金属元素 主成分 变量共同度 1 2 3 4 As 0.748 －0.241 －0.102 0.138 0.648 Cd 0.231 －0.115 0.956 －0.070 0.985 Cr 0.336 0.859 －0.026 0.165 0.878 Cu 0.760 0.091 0.002 －0.330 0.695 Hg 0.376 －0.444 0.001 0.747 0.896 Ni 0.504 0.790 0.024 0.152 0.902 Pb 0.699 －0.372 －0.252 －0.324 0.796 Zn 0.831 －0.147 0.031 －0.027 0.715 初始特征值 2.880 1.798 0.989 0.847 方差贡献率/% 36.00 22.48 12.37 10.59 累计方差贡献率/% 36.00 58.48 70.85 81.44
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表 7 土壤重（类）金属元素地累积指数等级分布情况
Table 7. Class distribution of Igeo for heavy metals and metalloids in soils
元素 Igeo Igeo<0 0<Igeo<1 1<Igeo<2 2<Igeo<3 3<Igeo<4 4<Igeo<5 5<Igeo 变化范围 平均值 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% As －3.150~0.465 －1.356 99.065 0.935 0 0 0 0 0 Cd －2.459~5.427 －0.431 79.206 19.392 0.690 0.234 0 0.234 0.234 Cr －1.051~0.935 0.009 44.159 55.841 0 0 0 0 0 Cu －3.107~1.092 －1.074 98.598 1.168 0.234 0 0 0 0 Hg －3.170~2.322 －1.313 96.496 2.570 0.467 0.467 0 0 0 Ni －2.561~0.293 －0.589 98.364 1.636 0 0 0 0 0 Pb －2.320~4.901 －0.958 92.757 3.037 3.505 0 0.467 0.234 0 Zn －2.613~0.994 －0.719 95.794 4.206 0 0 0 0 0
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表 8 土壤重（类）金属元素富集系数等级分布情况
Table 8. Class distribution of enrichment factors for heavy metals and metalloids in soils
元素 EF EF <1 1< EF <2 2< EF <5 5< EF <20 20< EF <40 40<EF 变化范围 平均值 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% As 0.176~2.803 0.581 93.458 6.308 0.234 0 0 0 Cd 0.253~56.722 1.330 48.832 46.963 3.271 0.467 0 0.467 Cr 1.003~2.613 1.416 0 98.832 1.168 0 0 0 Cu 0.326~3.299 0.684 96.495 3.038 0.467 0 0 0 Hg 0.130~11.757 0.660 91.122 7.009 1.402 0.467 0 0 Ni 0.539~1.674 0.937 75.935 24.065 0 0 0 0 Pb 0.389~36.259 0.935 87.383 11.448 0.935 0.234 0 0 Zn 0.516~3.930 0.871 89.720 10.280 0 0 0 0
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表 9 土壤重（类）金属潜在生态风险系数等级分布情况
Table 9. Class distribution of potential ecological risk coefficient of heavy metals and metalloids in soils
元素 
≤4040< 
≤8080< 
≤160160< 
≤320320< 
变化范围 平均值 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% As 1.69~20.71 6.27 100 0 0 0 0 Cd 8.18~ 1936.36 42.24 72.43 25.93 0.70 0.47 0.47 Cr 1.45~5.74 3.05 100 0 0 0 0 Cu 0.87~15.98 3.73 100 0 0 0 0 Hg 6.67~300.00 27.94 91.59 7.01 0.93 0.47 0 Ni 1.27~9.19 5.12 100 0 0 0 0 Pb 1.50~224.01 5.11 99.30 0.47 0 0.23 0 Zn 0.25~2.99 0.95 100 0 0 0 0
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表 10 土壤重（类）金属潜在生态风险指数等级分布情况
Table 10. Class distribution of potential ecological risk index of heavy metals and metalloids in soils
RI RI<150 150≤RI<300 300≤RI<600 600< RI 变化范围 平均值 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 比例/% 31.34~ 2002.53 95.00 94.86 3.74 0.93 0.47
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