Discussion on U-Pb dating and tectonic setting of K-bentonites in black shales of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin
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摘要:
中国华南地区晚奥陶世末期—早志留世初期沉积五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩的同时，也发育有多套钾质斑脱岩层，斑脱岩层的多次出现证实华南地区该时期曾间歇性发生了火山活动，但对于斑脱岩的来源尚存在分歧。本文选取了四川盆地多个五峰—龙马溪组剖面内发育较多层且厚度较大的斑脱岩为研究对象，通过野外考察和岩石矿物学、元素地球化学、锆石年代学等分析方法，对四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组黑色页岩内所发育斑脱岩的年龄、火山活动持续时间及火山灰来源进行了分析研究。野外观察显示，钾质斑脱岩颜色醒目，易于区分，且具有一定的可塑性，多与黄铁矿条带或集合体共生。X衍射结果显示，其主要由黏土矿物和非黏土矿物组成，其中黏土矿物由伊利石和伊蒙混层组成，非黏土矿物以石英、长石、方解石、白云石和黄铁矿等为主。钾质斑脱岩主量元素以高K2O含量、低TiO2含量为特征，稀土元素成分分析显示，其轻稀土轻微富集、重稀土亏损，具负铕异常，球粒陨石标准化稀土配分曲线具有右倾的特点；对各斑脱岩内的锆石进行LA-ICP-MS 定年研究，结果表明，斑脱岩的形成年龄在（448±2）Ma～（440.4±5.6）Ma之间，证实该时期火山活动延续了至少8 Myr；岩浆判别图（Nb/Y–Zr/TiO2）指示这些钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆为中酸性成分；依据微量元素特征和构造环境判别图（Nb–Y，Y+Nb–Rb，Zr–TiO2，Hf/3–Th–Ta，Nb/Yb–Th/Yb），初步认为原始岩浆形成于岛弧环境。据斑脱岩层数及厚度自北向南逐渐减少的事实，及现阶段华南大地构造性质的新认识，认为其来源可能与扬子北缘早古生代秦岭洋闭合过程中的板块俯冲有关。
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关键词:
- 四川盆地 /
- 晚奥陶世末—早志留世初 /
- 钾质斑脱岩 /
- U-Pb年代学 /
- 成因环境
Abstract:During the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian period, not only the black shales of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations but also many K-bentonites were deposited in South China, and the presence of many bentonites indicated that intermittent volcanism had occurred in South China at this time. However, there are still disagreements over the source of the volcanic ash that formed the bentonites. In this paper, we investigated many Wufeng-Longmaxi shale sections from the Sichuan Basin and selected the bentonites with multilayer and larger thickness as the research objects, attempting to analyze the age of the bentonites, the duration of volcanic activity, and the source of the ash by integration of field investigation, mineralogy, major and trace element concentrations, and zircon geochronology. The bentonites have bold colors, some plasticity, with associated pyrites in field. XRD characteristics show that the bentonites are composed of clay and non-clay minerals. Clay minerals are dominated by the illite-smectite mixed layer and illite, whereas the non-clay minerals include quartz, albite, calcite, dolomite, and pyrite. Their geochemical compositions are characterized by high K2O content and low TiO2 content, LREEs are slightly enriched, HREEs are poor, with a strong negative Eu anomaly, and the Chondrite-normalized REE distribution is right-skewed. Zircon U-Pb dating by LA-ICP-MS yielded ages ranging from (448±2) Ma to (440.4±5.6) Ma, which suggested that volcanic eruptions in South China lasted for at least 8 Myr across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary. Application of various chemical discrimination diagrams (Nb/Y–Zr/TiO2, Nb–Y, Y+Nb–Rb, Zr–TiO2, Hf/3–Th–Ta, Nb/Yb–Th/Yb) implies that the bentonites were mostly from intermediate acid rocks and possibly originated from an island arc environment. The fact that the layer number and thickness of the bentonites gradually decreased from north to south, combined with the current understanding of the tectonic nature of South China, indicates that the volcanic ash was probably related to the subduction and closure of the Qinling Ocean on the northern border of the Yangtze Plate in the Early Paleozoic.
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图 4 四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组钾质斑脱岩的球粒陨石稀土配分图解（标准化值来自Taylor and McLenann, 1985）
Figure 4.
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