Characteristics and prospecting potential of the granitoid weathering crust-type Zhonglinggang niobium deposit, Jinping County of Yunnan Province
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摘要:
铌是我国重要的战略性紧缺矿产资源之一。近年来，云南省地质调查院开展的矿产勘查工作中发现滇南地区碱性花岗岩体风化壳型铌矿体，铌矿勘查有望取得突破。本文基于滇南中岭岗花岗岩风化壳型铌矿床的详细野外地质勘查，梳理矿体特征，开展岩石地球化学和矿相学研究。研究表明，中岭岗花岗岩SiO2含量为71.74%～74.17%，平均值为72.95%；全碱（Na2O+K2O）含量为8.82%～10.13%，平均值为9.45%；Na2O/K2O比值为0.69～0.91，平均值为0.82；Nb含量为112×10－6～170×10－6，Ta含量为
5.2710 －6～9.27×10－6，Nb/Ta比值为14.99～22.39；富集Nb、Ta、Th等高场强元素和Rb大离子亲石元素，亏损Ba、Sr、Ti等元素，显示本区花岗岩具有壳幔混源的地球化学特征。铌矿主要形成于碱性花岗质岩浆结晶分异演化和后期的风化堆积，矿体为富铌花岗岩体风化后形成的花岗岩风化壳型铌矿床，而载铌矿物主要是烧绿石。基于这一理论认识，结合区域矿产调查及对比研究，认为云南省金平县马鞍底乡—大寨乡一带仍具有较好的铌多金属矿找矿潜力。Abstract:Niobium is one of the most important strategic scarce mineral resources in our country. In recent years, the Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey has discovered alkaline granitoid weathering crust-type niobium orebodies during mineral exploration, which is expected to lead to a breakthrough in niobium ore exploration in the future. In this paper, systematic geochemical studies have been conducted on granitic bodies, and detailed field geological exploration and indoor microscopic studies have been carried out to investigate the characteristics of orebodies and ore mineral compositions. The results show that the SiO2 contents of these granitoids average 72.95%; the Na2O+K2O values range from 8.82% to 10.13%, averaging 9.45%; the Na2O/K2O ratios are between 0.69 and 0.91, averaging 0.82, with the contents of Nb ranging from 112×10－6 to 170×10－6, Ta from 5.27×10－6 to 9.27×10－6, and Nb/Ta ratios ranging from 14.99 to 22.39. The granitoids are enriched in high field strength elements (HFSEs) such as Nb, Ta, and Th, as well as large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) like Rb, while depleted in Ba, Sr, and Ti. The formation of niobium ore is primarily attributed to the fractional crystallization of alkaline granitoid magma and following weathering. While the gneissic granitoid weathering crust-type niobium deposit was formed after the weathering of niobium-rich granitoids. The niobium-bearing pyrochlore is an important component for the formation of high-grade niobium orebodies. Based on regional mineral resource survey and comparative studies, this paper proposes that there is still great prospecting potential for revealing niobium polymetallic orebodies in the area from Maandi to Dazhai towns in Jinping County.
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图 1 中美两国战略性矿产对外依存度对比图（据Gulley，2018；李文昌等，2022）
Figure 1.
表 1 岩石地球化学全分析结果表
Table 1. Major and trace element geochemical analysis results of the bulk rock
样品编号 元 素 含 量（×10－2） SiO2 K2O Na2O CaO MgO MnO Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO TiO2 P2O5 G0ZK01YQ1 73.6 5.22 3.6 0.21 0.06 0.12 11.11 3.02 1.54 0.35 0.02 G0ZK08YQ1 71.74 5.31 4.82 0.65 0.08 0.15 11.89 3.04 1.94 0.39 0.04 S0ZK01YQ1 72.3 5.25 4.52 0.47 0.05 0.14 11.24 2.92 2.52 0.34 0.03 S0ZK01YQ2 74.17 4.95 4.13 0.37 0.08 0.11 10.1 4.42 0.99 0.28 0.03 样品编号 元 素 含 量（×10－2） 元 素 含 量（×10－6） Nb2O5 H2O− H2O+ Pb Zn Au Ba Co Cr Cu Ga G0ZK01YQ1 0.008 0.45 0.64 1.51 0.62 ＜0.05 316 1.59 16.6 49.5 29.8 G0ZK08YQ1 0.012 0.12 0.11 0.56 0.25 ＜0.05 107 1.6 16.6 20.6 31.6 S0ZK01YQ1 0.01 0.08 0.15 0.34 0.16 ＜0.05 62.1 1.62 15.1 16.8 32.2 S0ZK01YQ2 0.016 0.1 0.13 0.4 0.21 ＜0.05 506 3.38 16.6 19.2 29.1 样品编号 元 素 含 量（×10－6） Li Nb Ni Rb Sc Sr Th Ta U V Zr G0ZK01YQ1 16.6 170 4.45 130 3.16 23 22.2 9.27 4.42 46.2 900 G0ZK08YQ1 17.2 112 4.58 137 3.07 20.9 14.3 7.47 2.06 44.8 452 S0ZK01YQ1 16.5 118 4.57 114 3.67 19.3 14.3 5.27 1.95 42.6 481 S0ZK01YQ2 43.6 129 6.3 142 6.07 54.3 15.3 7.32 1.63 46.3 631 样品编号 元 素 含 量（×10－6） Ce Dy Er Eu Gd Ho La Lu Nd Pr Sm G0ZK01YQ1 408.3 10.59 5.11 0.619 14.12 1.842 61.17 0.78 80.41 22.34 15.83 G0ZK08YQ1 839.9 11.33 6.778 0.506 15.62 2.199 43.1 1.167 55.17 15.95 11.57 S0ZK01YQ1 545.9 68.75 37.1 2.643 61.59 13.34 241.6 4.451 255.3 63.45 58.84 S0ZK01YQ2 441 29.5 17.4 1.28 30.8 5.94 186 2.38 176 49.5 31.5 样品编号 元 素 含 量（×10－6） 元素含量（×10－9） Tb Tm Y Yb Hf Pt Pd G0ZK01YQ1 1.986 0.733 17.61 4.876 48.3 3.16 3.58 G0ZK08YQ1 1.934 1.093 30.55 7.79 24.4 3.33 4.49 S0ZK01YQ1 11.3 4.997 315.2 30.5 22.2 5.62 5.47 S0ZK01YQ2 4.92 2.42 138 15.1 34.5 7.76 8.82 样品编号 其 他 参 数 ΣREE ΣCe ΣY ΣCe/ΣY A/NCK K2O/Na2O A/NK Rb/Sr (La/Sm)N (Gd/Yb)N (La/Yb)N G0ZK01YQ1 646.32 588.67 57.65 10.21 0.93 1.45 0.96 5.65 2.43 2.34 8.46 G0ZK08YQ1 1044.66 966.20 78.46 12.31 0.80 1.10 0.87 6.56 2.34 1.62 3.73 S0ZK01YQ1 1714.96 1167.7 547.23 2.13 0.80 1.16 0.86 5.91 2.58 1.63 5.34 S0ZK01YQ2 1131.74 885.28 246.46 3.59 0.79 1.20 0.83 2.62 3.71 1.65 8.30 
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