Preliminary study on the relationship between Early Cambrian volcanism and polymetallic layers in black shales of South China
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摘要:
寒武纪早期全球性的深水海洋缺氧背景下，华南地区黑色页岩广泛发育，层序稳定。其底部Ni、Mo、V、铂族元素（PGEs）、稀土元素（REEs）等多金属元素发生不同程度地富集。多金属来源至今存在海水、热液以及二者的混合之观点，成矿富集机制仍有多种见解。与此同时，区内火山凝灰岩（钾质斑脱岩）广泛出露。火山活动与多金属层富集的关系需要梳理，本文基于区内已有研究成果，开展区域沉积建造及成岩年代学的梳理、岩石地球化学的收集分析。研究表明：（1）埃迪卡拉纪至早寒武世，火山凝灰岩多期次发育且广泛，火山岩是地层岩性的分界；（2）火山岩与多金属层具有明显的时空及地球化学关联性；（3）地层沉积构造、矿物组成，以及S、Fe、Hg、Mo同位素等地球化学信息均指示有火山活动参与多金属的富集。
Abstract:Black shale exhibits extensive development in South China, with stable stratigraphic distributionunder the anoxic conditions of global deep ocean water during the Early Cambrian. Various elements, such as Ni, Mo, V, platium group elements (PGEs), and rare earth elements (REEs), are enriched to different degrees in the basal layers. However, the source of these polymetals remains controversial, with conflicting theories suggesting origins from seawater, hydrothermal fluids, or a mixture of both. Simultaneously, volcanic activities occurred extensively in South China. In order to explore the relationship between volcanic activities and the accumulation of polymetallic layers, sedimentological, mineralization, diagenetic chronology, and geochemical analysis were conducted in this study. The results show that: (1) Volcanic activities occurred in multiple stages, with volcanic rocks marking stratigraphic boundaries, from the Ediacaran to Early Cambrian; (2) There is a clear spatiotemporal and geochemical correlation between volcanic rocks and polymetallic layers; (3) Sedimentary structure, mineral composition, and geochemical information, such as S, Fe, Hg, and Mo isotopes, indicate that volcanic activities contributed to the enrichment of polymetals.
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Key words:
- Early Cambrian /
- volcanic activity /
- black shale /
- polymetallic layer /
- South China
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图 1 华南地块埃迪卡拉纪晚期至寒武纪早期古地理简图（据Jiang et al.，2009；Pi et al.，2013；Jin et al.，2016；Chang et al.，2018修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 华南地区早寒武世典型剖面图及凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄统计直方图（梅树村、松林剖面数据分别据Compston et al.，2008；Zhou et al.，2008；坝黄、盘门据Chen et al.，2015；柑子坪据Chen et al.，2009）
Figure 2.
图 3 湘黔地区（大竹流水、马路河、三岔、慈利）黑色页岩、多金属层稀土元素配分曲线对比图（数据引自吴朝东等，2001；Xu et al.，2013；Pi et al.，2013；Han et al.，2015；北美页岩数据来自Haskin et al.，1968）
Figure 3.
图 4 湘黔地区（大竹流水、马路河、水东、三岔）铂族元素配分曲线对比图（数据引自Mao et al.，2002；Lehmann et al.，2007；Xu et al.，2013；Pi et al.，2013；Han et al.，2015；C1球粒陨石数据来自Anders and Grevesse，1989）
Figure 4.
表 1 贵州下寒武统黑色岩系含钼多金属矿岩层对比表
Table 1. Correlation table of molybdenum-bearing polymetallic ore strata of Lower Cambrian black rock series in Guizhou
矿床 纳雍县水东
Ni-Mo矿松林Ni-Mo
多金属矿播州区冉村沟Mo
多金属矿铜仁坝黄Mo矿 三穗海山V矿 上覆地层 明心寺组 明心寺组 明心寺组 九门冲组 九门冲组 含矿地层 牛蹄塘组 牛蹄塘组 牛蹄塘组 九门冲组一段 留茶坡组 含矿岩组
特征深灰色至黑色粉
砂质泥岩、碳质泥岩、含硅质磷块
岩、泥质灰岩。厚约0.5～12 m。薄至中厚层状碳质页岩，见较多高碳质页岩，底部含矿结核黏土岩、Ni-
Mo、V矿层。厚约1～4.5 m。黑色含碳质泥岩或碳质泥岩为主，局部夹纹层状灰岩，底部薄层或透镜状硅质磷块岩。厚21～40 m。 以黑色碳质页岩为主，底部为层状、透镜状磷块岩，
中部为黑色碳质页岩、条纹状硅质
岩，上部为泥质
灰岩。顶部黑色薄层硅
质岩夹黑色碳质页岩，底部黑色、灰黑色薄至中厚层硅质岩。厚约15～80 m。下伏地层 灯影组 灯影组 灯影组 留茶坡组 陡山沱组 矿物组成 黄铁矿、红砷镍
矿、紫硫镍铁矿、硫钼矿及少量针
镍矿等。黄铁矿、针镍矿、锑硫镍矿、碳硫
钼矿、重晶石、石英、石膏等。黄铁矿、胶硫钼
矿、红砷镍矿、
针镍矿、紫硫镍铁矿等。黄铁矿、二硫镍
矿、辉砷镍矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿等。未见独立的V矿石，矿石主要由碳质页岩、硅质岩组成。 
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