Three-dimensional modeling and gas reservoir numerical simulation of the Jiantianba reef outcrop in northwestern Hubei: A case study using traditional outcrop data set and the UAV oblique photography model
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摘要:
本文利用传统人工考察、无人机倾斜摄影数字露头技术、三维地质建模等多种技术手段建立三维定量原型模型，以鄂西北见天坝上二叠统长兴组碳酸盐岩台地边缘生物礁露头为例，开展气藏数值模拟。结果表明，露头剖面自下而上划分出13个沉积微相和5个完整的沉积旋回，礁体微相、垂向序列均表现出水体逐渐变浅的演化过程，岩性上表现出生屑灰岩—骨架岩—障积岩—黏结岩—泥晶生屑灰岩的演化特征。三维地质建模表明晶粒白云岩呈团状分布在礁顶及礁盖，海绵骨架礁灰岩呈带状在礁体中上部，藻黏结海绵礁灰岩呈不规则连片状在礁体中下部，藻黏结礁灰岩呈片状在礁体下部，生屑泥晶灰岩呈点状在礁基分布。压力模拟结果显示储层初始压力值41.5 MPa，生产1年后，压力平均值为28 MPa，5年后，压力平均值为12 MPa。设置储层原始含气饱和度为70%，经过1年后，礁顶部位降至56%，礁体中上部降至60%；5年后，礁顶部位降至14%，礁体上部降至38%。礁顶物性好，含气饱和度以较快速度降至42%，礁体上部物性相对较差，含气饱和度以较慢速度降至22%。研究认为，三维地质模型显示了生物礁体的复杂性和非均质性，礁体上部（礁盖）的白云岩的储集性能总体最优；数值模拟结果反映了生物礁气藏呈早期下降快、晚期下降慢的特点。以三维数字露头模型为数据框架建立露头地质模型，可较好地模拟生物礁气藏数值渗流与剩余气分布规律。
Abstract:By integrating traditional field investigation, UAV oblique photogrammetry, and 3D geological modeling techniques, a 3D quantitative prototype model was established using the outcrop of the Upper Permian Changxing Formation carbonate platform-margin reef at Jiantianba in northwestern Hubei as a case study. Numerical simulation of gas reservoirs was subsequently conducted. From bottom to top, 13 sedimentary microfacies and 5 complete depositional cycles are identified at the outcrop section, exhibiting a shallowing-upward evolution vertically, with lithological evolution from bioclastic limestone (reef base) to framestone, bafflestone, boundstone, and finally micritic bioclastic limestone (reef top). 3D modeling demonstrates significant spatial heterogeneity: micritic dolostone occurs as clusters in the reef top and cap, sponge-framestone forms banded layers in the middle-upper reef, algal-bound sponge reef limestone exhibits irregularly connected patches in the middle-lower reef, algal-bound reef limestone appears as sheet-like units in the lower reef, bioclastic micritic limestone is distributed as isolated points at the reef base. Pressure simulations show rapid pressure depletion (with an initial pressure of 41.5 MPa decreasing to 28 MPa after 1 year, and further to 12 MPa after 5 years) and gas saturation decline (with an initial level of 70% dropping to 56% at the reef top and 60% in the upper reef after 1 year, and further decreasing to 14% at the reef top and 38% in the upper reef after 5 years). The reef top, with superior reservoir quality, shows a rapid decline in gas saturation (to 42%), while the upper reef, with poorer properties, exhibits slower saturation reduction (to 22%). This study highlights that: The 3D geological model demonstrates the complexity and heterogeneity of the reef structure, with the dolomite in the upper part of the reef (reef cover) displaying the best reservoir characteristics. The numerical simulation results reflect that reef gas reservoir is characterized by a rapid decline in pressure during the early production stages and a slower decline in the later stages. In summary, the outcrop geological model based on the 3D digital outcrop model can better simulate the numerical seepage and residual gas distribution of reef gas reservoirs.
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表 1 鄂西利川见天坝长兴组生物礁不同类型岩石储层物性参数统计（胡明毅等，2012）
Table 1. Statistics of physical parameters of different types of rock reservoirs in Changxing Formation of Jiantianba in Lichuan, western Hubei （after Hu et al., 2012）
岩石分布 岩石类型 孔隙度/% 渗透率/10－3 μm2 分布范围 平均值 礁顶 晶粒白云岩 1.8～4.8 3.7 0.8～1.3 礁体中上部 骨架礁灰岩 1.73～2.81 2.1 0.09～0.38 障积礁灰岩 0.9～2.3 1.5 0.07～0.42 礁体下部 藻黏结礁灰岩 0.38～1.6 0.9 0.04～0.17 生屑灰岩 0.65～1.21 0.93 0.07～0.11 礁基 生屑泥晶灰岩 0.5～1.15 0.8 0.06～0.1 
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