LATE MIOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES AND THEIR IMPACTS——Desiccation of the Mediterranean and Its bearing on World Desertification and Hominid Appearance
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摘要: 晚中新世(距今1 000~530万年前)末期古地中海干涸(距今600~530万年前),这在地史演变中是一件全球气候变化对环境影响至大、至深、至今的标志性事件。然而,至今鲜有人提及,尚未见到将其与地球荒漠形成,尤其是全球荒漠空间分布的格局,以及当今全球气候变化发展联系起来全面研究的报道;也未见过与非洲人科动物出现之间关系的研究报道。以现代咸海萎缩干涸引起盐尘暴,导致下风向土壤严重盐渍化,形成地球上"最大的生态灾难"等事实与研究结果为出发点;结合对新近纪最末期以来干旱半干旱地区无外流封闭式海湖盆地地貌演变特性观测研究,无外流封闭式深海(盆)-干涸盐漠盆地-现代多样性荒漠盆地地貌景观,以及深海钻探/大洋钻探和现代荒漠化等相关研究结果;采用实据和演绎推理方法,试图在两者之间建立起必然的联系。研究证实,晚中新世末期古地中海区域干涸事件与约2 000万km2巨大盐漠是撒哈拉大沙漠、阿拉伯半岛大沙漠形成的基础和直接原因;中中新世以来的外特提斯海干涸及约2 000万km2巨大的外特提斯海盐漠盆地是西亚、中亚和部分东北亚与南北亚沙漠发育形成的原因和基础;晚中新世大气圈、生物圈里充斥着盐碱粉尘是人科动物形成的最主要的环境诱因。Abstract: The ancient Mediterranean was once dried up around 6~5.3million years ago. It is a landmark event, which had great impact on global environment and climate. However, few references are available in the literatures on this topic, especially on its relation with the formation and spatial distribution pattern of the deserts of the world and the appearance of the African hominid. Based on the facts observed that the Aral Sea was shrinking and drying up, which resulted in the formation of saline dust storm and in turn led to the serious soil salinization in the downwind area and became "the largest ecological disaster", and the observations that there were great numbers of closed sea or lake basins without outlets been formed in arid and semi-arid regions since the end of the Paleocene, which had passed an evolution from the closed deep sea (basin) to a dried salty desert basin and finally to a modern desert basin, in addition to the discoveries of DSDP and IODP, we tried in this paper to study the connection between the modern desertification and the Late Miocene environmental crises. It is confirmed that the desiccation of the ancient Mediterranean caused the formation of a 20 million km2 salty desert including the Sahara desert and the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula by the end of Late Miocene. During Middle Miocene the Tethys Sea was dried up, that caused the formation of the saline desert basin across the west Asia, central Asia and part of northeast Asia. The Atmosphere and biosphere filled with saline dust are the major environmental triggers for hominid to come into being during the Late Miocene.
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