Research on Environmental Remediation of Uranium Mines in Southern China: A Review
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摘要:
这是一篇矿山环境领域的文章。我国已发现和开采的铀矿大多位于湘赣粤，随着生态红线的划定和人民群众对生态环境问题日益重视，铀矿山环境修复越发显得重要。本文简要介绍了中国南方铀矿山开采形式，系统分析了铀矿山生产过程对环境产生的影响，重点介绍了物理修复措施、化学修复措施、生物修复措施原理和应用，总结归纳了相应的优缺点，对未来矿山修复发展前景进行了展望。指出下一步应该关注的重点是，铀矿及其相关设施退役前的环境检测，全面做好矿山生产全过程相关环境数据采集和记录。切实关注铀矿山废水处理处置，增加研究投入，借鉴国外先进技术方法，运用综合修复技术更加高效、安全、快速修复受污染环境。将铀矿山的修复和乡村治理结合起来，发展旅游业，增加当地居民发展动力和收入水平。
Abstract:This is an article in the field of mining environment. Most of the uranium mines discovered and mined in my country are located in Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangdong. With the delineation of the ecological red line and the increasing attention of the people to ecological and environmental issues, environmental restoration of uranium mines becomes more and more important. This article briefly introduces the mining methods of uranium mines in southern China, systematically analyzes the impact of the production process of uranium mines on the environment, focuses on the principles and applications of physical, chemical, and biological remediation measures, summarizes the corresponding advantages and disadvantages, and prospects the future development of mine restoration. It was pointed out that the next step should be focused on environmental testing before the decommissioning of uranium mines and related facilities, and comprehensive environmental data collection and recording of the entire production process of the mine. Close attention should be paid to the treatment and disposal of wastewater from uranium mines, increase research investment, learn from foreign advanced technology and methods, and use comprehensive repair technology to repair the polluted environment more efficiently, safely and quickly. The restoration of uranium mines would be combined with rural governance, develop tourism, and increase the development motivation and income levels of local residents.
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Key words:
- Mining environment /
- Radioactive waste /
- Soil remediation /
- Water environment remediation /
- Uranium mine
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表 1 我国部分铀矿山露天采场222Rn析出率及γ辐射吸收剂量值[2]
Table 1. 222Rn precipitation rate and γradiation absorbed dose value in open pits of some uranium mines in China
省份
测量部位222Rn析出率平均值/（Bq·m-2·s-1） γ辐射吸收剂量率平均值/10-8(Gy/h) 测量平均值 矿区背景值 测量平均值 矿区背景值 江西 露天采场 0.476 ～ 1.460 0.010 ～ 0.020 35.800 ～ 120.000 7.400 ～ 7.900 露天采场 1.350 ～ 5.180 0.020 ～ 0.080 94.000 ～ 408.000 10.900 ～ 13.300 广东 露天采场 1.720 0.070 ～ 0.116 118.000 22.600 露天采场 1.780～ 5.180 0.070 ～ 0.110 146.300 ～ 1076.300 28.500 
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表 2 江西某铀矿山不同废水中有害物质质量浓度/（μg/L）[3]
Table 2. Mass concentration of harmful substances in different wastewater from uranium mine in Jiangxi
取样位置 放射性元素 其他重金属元素 U Th Cd Mn Pb Cr Zn 露天采场 304.0000～2889.0000 0.0640～3.2200 0.3650～3.7400 2.4700～33.7000 0.9570～4.2300 1.9700～3.2900 7.4700～11.9000 矿石堆 136.0000～21845.0000 0.0990～159.0000 0.2700～21.5000 218.0000～9431.0000 0.9670～4.6200 1.7900～4.0900 14.9000～206.0000 坑道水 41.9000～45.7000 0.0160～1.5200 0.2940～0.3760 1.2300～43.1000 0.0071～0.1770 0.8840～1.4000 2.5500～3.7200 矿区未污
染地下水0.3090～0.3860 0.0004～0.0230 0.0130～0.9030 0.9540～3.5400 0.3680～1.3200 2.9900～8.0860 9.7300～23.6000
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表 3 铀矿石、尾矿介质中放射性核素及有害化学物质的含量[25]
Table 3. Contents of radionuclides and harmful chemical substances in uranium ore and tailings media
名称 废石 尾矿（粗沙） 尾矿（细泥） 一般岩石 铀/(mg/g) 5.00～210.00 72.00～650.00 170.00～740.00 0.10～4.50 镭/(kBq/kg) 0.25～12.36 5.77～24.10 11.50～48.10 0.18～1.41 钚/(kBq/kg) — 11.10～14.80 55.50～66.60 — 总α/(kBq/kg) 4.19～25.90 15.50～52.90 74.00～92.50 1.29～2.17 SO4/% 2.48 0.24 15.90 — NO3/% — 0.70 0.70 0.35～0.75 Mn/% — 0.12 1.90 <0.03 Fe/% — 1.83 3.18 — F/% — 0.23 1.27 — Cl/(g/t) — 0.28 0.88 — “—”表示未检出
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表 4 贫铀化学土壤提取方法选择[22]
Table 4. Selection of chemical soil extraction method for depleted uranium
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表 5 铀污染植物修复应用实验 [51]
Table 5. Application test list of uranium polluted phytoremediation
年份 地区 修复场址 植株 修复技术 效果 1997 美国俄亥俄州 废弃铀加工厂（示范工厂） 向日葵 根基过滤 24 h内清除了95%的U[52] 1999 美国马里兰州 靶场土壤（可行性实验） — 植物提取 植物平均吸收764 mg/Kg, 土壤浓度47 mg/Kg[53] 2001 捷克 铀矿区（可行性实验） 芦苇、向日葵 植物提取 有近一半初始量的放射性物质转移到向日葵、芦苇中[54] 2002 捷克 铀矿区（示范工厂） 亚麻 植物固定 修复效果不是很理想，但获得了相关的农业技术参数[55] 2008 中国若尔盖县 铀矿废石堆（植被修复实验） 黑麦草、老芒麦、披碱草、紫羊芽、白三叶、高原红柳与当地野生杂草种子混播 植物固定 基本达到了原生植物的覆盖度[56] 2008 中国衡阳 退役铀矿库（综合处理方案） 美洲商陆 植物提取 采用以美洲商陆、铀尾矿渣、森林表层土壤、猪粪、硅酸钠相结合的综合处理方案，解决了现有铀尾矿渣在自然条件下释放重金属铀造成危害环境的难题[57] “—”表示未选择植株
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