Metallogenesis of Miaoya Nb-REE Deposit with Comparison to Typical Carbonatite-Alkaline Rock-Related Nb-REE Deposits in China
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摘要:
稀土元素(REE)和铌(Nb)等战略性关键金属主要赋存在碳酸岩和(或)碱性岩体中。因此，碳酸岩-碱性岩型铌稀土矿床成矿作用研究具有重要的科学意义和经济价值。本文以湖北庙垭碳酸岩-正长岩型铌稀土矿床为例，详细综述了其矿床地质、成岩成矿年代学及矿床模式等方面的相关研究进展，并以“比较矿床学”的方法，将其与国内其他典型碳酸岩-碱性岩型铌稀土矿床进行了对比。通过系统对比，本文指出地幔源区富集组分、岩浆演化程度以及岩浆期后热液流体作用程度的差异是控制碳酸岩-碱性岩型铌稀土矿床成矿差异性的关键因素。庙垭铌稀土矿床由于相对低的热液流体作用程度，稀土品位相对偏低导致稀土资源的经济性偏低。对庙垭铌稀土矿床的开发利用应以其中丰富的铌资源为重点进行攻关，在当前高的铌对外高依存度形势下有望改善我国的铌矿资源格局。
Abstract:REE and Nb are strategic and critical metals mainly sourced from carbonatite-alkaline rocks. Thus, it is of great scientific and economic significance for the research on metallogenic mechanism of Nb-REE deposits associated with carbonatite-alkaline rocks. In this paper, we have detailedly summarized the recent progress in Miaoya Nb-REE deposit from Hubei which is related with carbonatite-syenite complex, with respect to geological characteristics, chronology, genesis and metallogenic model. Meanwhile, the method of “comparative metallogeny” is used for its comparison with other typical Nb-REE deposits of the same type from China. Through systematic analysis, we point out that the difference in enriched component introduced into mantle source, the degree of magma evolution, and the intensity of post-magmatic hydrothermal fluid activity are the key factors controlling the mineralization differences of carbonatite-alkaline rock-related Nb-REE deposits. Due to the relatively low-intensity hydrothermal fluid activity, the REE grade of the Miaoya deposit is correspondingly low, leading to the low economic value of its rare earth resources. The rich niobium resources should be focused on with the development and utilization of the Miaoya deposit, which is expected to lower down the currently high external dependency on niobium for China and improve China’s niobium resource pattern.
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Key words:
- Miaoya /
- carbonatite-alkaline rock /
- critical metals /
- Nb-REE /
- comparative metallogeny
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表 1 我国主要碳酸岩-碱性岩型铌稀土矿床岩石类型、矿种组合、矿化品位及储量
Table 1. Ore type, mineralization, grade, and reserves of main Nb-REE deposits related to carbonatite-alkaline complex in China
矿床名称 地理位置 岩石类型 矿种组合 REO
平均品位
(wt.%)REO储量(t) Nb2O5
平均品位
(wt.%)Nb2O5
储量(t)参考文献 白云鄂博 内蒙古包头 白云质火成
碳酸岩REE、Fe、Nb 6 57400000 0.13 2200000 Fan H R et al., 2016 牦牛坪 四川冕宁 碳酸岩‒
碱性杂岩体REE 2.95 3170000 Liu Y and Hou Z Q, 2017 庙垭 湖北竹山 碳酸岩‒
碱性杂岩体REE、Nb 1.73 1210000 0.12 930000 马玉兴等, 1981 巴尔哲 内蒙古哲里木 碱性花岗岩 Zr、Nb、REE ~1 1000000 0.26 > 100000 Yang W B et al., 2020 干沙鄂博 甘肃武威 碱性正长岩 LREE、Cu、Pb 1.39~1.65 ~ 600000 黄增保, 2019 华阳川 陕西华阴 火成碳酸岩脉 U、Nb、Pb、REE 0.085 550000 0.019 110000 高成等, 2017 微山 山东郗山 碱性正长岩 REE 3~10 440000 李建康等, 2008 赛马 辽宁凤城 碱性正长岩 U、Nb、REE 0.3~4.5 0.04 ~0.05 何宏平和杨武斌, 2022;
南哲等,2023太平镇 河南西峡 斜长花岗岩 REE 2.26~2.97 170000 王瑞利, 2022 黄水庵 河南嵩县 火山碳酸岩脉 Mo、REE 王汉辉, 2023 大庄 河南方城 碱性正长岩 REE、Nb 0.076~0.151 30147 0.05~0.1 16245 李山坡, 2022 黄龙铺 陕西华阴 火成碳酸岩脉 Mo、REE > 2000 Zhao X C et al., 2021 木落寨 四川冕宁 碳酸岩‒
碱性杂岩体REE 3.97 100000 Liu Y and Hou Z Q, 2017 大陆槽 四川德昌 碳酸岩‒
碱性杂岩体REE 5.21 82000 Liu Y and Hou Z Q, 2017 里庄 四川冕宁 碳酸岩‒
碱性杂岩体REE 1.47~1.63 5800 Liu Y and Hou Z Q, 2017 东昆仑
大格勒青海格尔木 碳酸岩‒
碱性杂岩体Nb、P、REE 0.12~0.29 0.092 ~
0.156潜在资源> 100000 李五福等, 2024;
金婷婷等,2023;
王涛等, 2024桃花拉山 内蒙古
阿拉善右旗火成碳酸岩 REE、Nb、P 0.3~1.15 0.04~0.2 蒋荣良, 1989 阔克塔格 新疆尉犁 碱性正长岩 REE 0.045~0.099 0.05 邹天人等, 2002 塔斯都威 新疆拜城 火成碳酸岩 REE 0.037~0.111 邹天人等, 2002 且干布拉克 新疆尉犁 火成碳酸岩 REE 0.087~0.163 邹天人等, 2002 瓦吉尔塔格 新疆巴楚 火成碳酸岩 REE、Nb 3.46 5678 0.005~0.29 邹天人等, 2002 波孜果尔 新疆拜城 碱性花岗岩 REE 0.07~0.19 邹天人等, 2002 依兰里克 新疆拜城 碱性岩脉 REE 0.02~1.55 袁忠信等, 2012 
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表 2 庙垭、白云鄂博、牦牛坪碳酸岩-碱性岩型（铌）稀土矿床对比
Table 2. Comparison of Miaoya, Bayan Obo and Maoniuping carbonatite-alkaline rock-related (Nb)REE deposits
对比项 庙垭 牦牛坪 白云鄂博 含矿岩体
岩石组合正长岩类、（黑云母）方解石碳酸岩、含炭方解石碳酸岩、铁白云石碳酸岩 正长岩、方解石碳酸岩、霓辉重晶伟晶岩、碱性花岗斑岩 以白云质碳酸岩为主，铁白云石碳酸岩墙、方解石-白云石碳酸岩墙、方解石碳酸岩墙穿插 矿石类型 块状、细脉状 脉状、条带状、细脉浸染状 块状、条带状、细脉浸染状 有用矿物
类型铌矿物 正长岩：铌铁矿、铌金红石、铌钛铀矿；方解石碳酸岩：铌铁矿、铌金红石、易解石、烧绿石、铌钙矿 易解石、铌铁矿、烧绿石、铌金红石、褐钇铌矿、包头矿 稀土
矿物方解石碳酸岩：独居石、褐帘石、氟碳铈矿和氟碳钙铈矿；铁白云石碳酸岩：氟碳铈矿 氟碳铈矿 以独居石和氟碳铈矿为主，其次为氟碳钙铈矿、铈硅石、黄河矿、氟碳铈钡矿 热液蚀变 缺乏典型岩浆热液蚀变霓长岩化，局部发育萤石-石英-方解石脉；黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等晚期低温热液蚀变普遍 霓长岩化广泛，形成氟碳铈矿-霓辉石-萤石-重晶石、氟碳铈矿-霓辉石-微斜长石、氟碳铈矿-萤石-重晶石-方解石脉型多种矿化蚀变组合 霓长岩化广泛，霓石、钠闪石、镁钠闪石、金云母、透辉石、碱性长石、萤石、重晶石等热液蚀变矿物组合 地幔源区 以HIMU为主，兼具EMI EMI HIMU-EMI-EMⅡ 矿床类型 岩浆型 热液型 热液型 年龄（Ma） 420 ~ 440 12 ~ 40 1300
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