Research Progress on Petrogenesis and Niobium-Tantalum Mineralization of Permian Alkaline Rocks in the Panxi Region
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摘要:
铌（Nb）、钽（Ta）元素是重要的战略性关键金属资源，碱性岩因富集铌钽等稀有、稀土元素而备受学者们关注。近年来，峨眉山大火成岩省内部带攀西地区发育的一系列二叠纪过碱性-准铝质-过铝质正长岩和花岗岩及其相关铌钽矿床在成岩成矿时代、地球化学特征、岩石成因及铌钽富集机制等方面取得了一些重要研究进展。主要认识有：在地幔柱轴部，地幔苦橄岩部分熔融形成峨眉山高钛玄武质岩浆，其在岩浆房中发生分离结晶和液态不混溶作用，形成小规模的A型花岗岩和碱性-准铝质正长岩。底侵的幔源岩浆对流为基性辉长岩部分熔融提供大量的热能，形成广泛分布的过碱性-准铝质正长岩和花岗岩。与此同时，少量新生地壳或扬子板块基底参与部分熔融过程则会形成过铝质花岗岩。研究表明，铌钽元素富集过程受岩浆结晶分异和热液交代两个演化阶段共同控制。源自地幔的碱性岩浆通过结晶分异作用优先结晶出斜长石、角闪石、磷灰石等矿物，导致Nb、Ta元素在正长岩体中得到初步富集。从岩体中出溶的富F-Na热液交代原岩，并发生钠长石化、霓石化、萤石化等蚀变作用。早期岩浆成因的铌钽矿物因交代而裂解，使Nb、Ta元素被重新活化、迁移、沉淀形成热液烧绿石和榍石。
Abstract:Niobium (Nb) and tantalum (Ta) elements are significantly strategic key metal resources. Alkaline rocks have attracted considerable attention due to their enrichment of rare earth elements. In recent years, significant research progress has been made in Permian peralkaline-metaaluminous-peraluminous syenite and granite as well as associated niobium-tantalum deposits developed in the Panxi region, Emeishan Igneous Province, focusing on their geochronology and metallogenic ages, geochemical characteristics, petrogenesis, and Nb-Ta enrichment mechanisms. In the axis of the mantle plume, the Emeishan high-Ti basalt magma, formed by partial melted mantle peridotite, created small-scale A-type granite and alkalic- metaaluminous syenite in the magma chamber through fractional crystallization and liquid immiscibility. The underplating mantle-derived magma convection provided significant heat energy for the partial melting of basic gabbro, leading to the formation of widely distributed peralkaline-metaluminous syenite and granite. Simultaneously, peraluminous granite was formed when a small proportion of the juvenile crust or the Yangtze basement is involved in the process of partial melting. The research shows that the enrichment process of Nb-Ta is controlled by both magma crystallization differentiation and hydrothermal metasomatism. The alkaline magma from the mantle preferentially crystallizes plagioclase, amphibole, apatite, and other minerals through crystallization differentiation, leading to the initial enrichment of Nb and Ta elements in the syenite. The F-Na rich hydrothermal fluid from the syenite acts on rock by metasomatism , which results in alteration such as albitization, aegirinization, and fluorization. The early magmatic niobium-tantalum minerals were decomposed due to metasomatism, with the Nb and Ta elements being reactivated, migrated, and precipitated to form hydrothermal pyrochlore and titanite.
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Key words:
- alkaline rock /
- petrogenesis /
- hydrothermal alteration /
- Nb-Ta mineralization /
- the Panxi region
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表 1 攀西地区主要铌钽矿床、矿点分布及矿化类型
Table 1. Major Nb-Ta deposits or points of distribution and mineralization types in the Panxi region
矿床及
矿点含矿岩层/岩脉 成矿元素 稀有金属矿物类型 蚀变作用 矿床
成因类型成矿
时期西昌
乱石滩碱性伟晶
正长岩脉Nb、Ta、Zr、Y、LREE、U、Th 烧绿石、铌铁矿、铌钙矿、榍石
褐钇铌矿、褐帘石、独居石、锆石钠长石化、萤石化
霓石化碱性
伟晶岩型印支期 西昌
长村碱性伟晶
正长岩脉Nb、Ta、Zr、Y、LREE、U、Th 烧绿石、铌铁矿、榍石、褐钇铌矿
褐帘石、独居石、锆石钠长石化、萤石化
霓石化碱性
伟晶岩型印支期 西昌
莲花山英碱正长岩脉 Nb、Ta、Y、
LREE、Zr褐钇铌矿、褐帘石、铌铁矿、
独居石、锆石钠长石化、霓石化 碱性
岩型印支期 西昌
谢家坟霓石石英
正长岩Nb、Ta、Y、LREE 烧绿石、褐钇铌矿、铌铁金红石 钠长石化、霓石化 碱性
岩型燕山期 西昌
高草正长岩与角岩
接触带Nb、Ta、Y、LREE 烧绿石、褐钇铌矿、铌铁金红石 角岩化、硅化
磁铁矿化碱性
岩型印支期 德昌
茨达钠铁闪石花岗岩
霓石正长岩Nb、Ta、Zr、Y、LREE、U、Hf 铌钽铁矿、褐钇铌矿、烧绿石
含铌金红石、锆英石钠长石化、霓石化
钠铁闪石化花岗岩型 印支期 米易
黄草碱性伟晶岩脉
正长岩脉Nb、Ta、Zr、Y、LREE、U、Th 烧绿石、铌铁矿、铌钙矿、榍石
褐钇铌矿、褐帘石钠长石化、萤石化
霓石化碱性
伟晶岩型印支期 米易
黄土坡碱性伟晶岩 Nb、Ta、Zr、Y、LREE、U、Th 烧绿石、铌铁矿、铌钙矿、榍石
褐钇铌矿、褐帘石钠长石化、萤石化
霓石化碱性
伟晶岩型印支期 米易
草场碱性花岗岩
正长岩脉Nb、Ta、Y、
LREE、Zr褐钇铌矿、褐帘石、铌铁矿
独居石、锆石黑云母化
褐帘石化花岗岩型 印支期 攀枝花
白草碱性伟晶岩脉
碱性正长岩Nb、Ta、Zr、Y、TREE、U、Th 烧绿石、铌铁矿、铌钙矿、
榍石、独居石褐钇铌矿、
硅钛铈铁矿、褐帘石、锆石钠长石化、萤石化
霓石化、碳酸盐化碱性
伟晶岩型印支期 攀枝花
炉库碱性伟晶岩脉
碱性正长岩Nb、Ta、Zr、Y、TREE、U、Th 烧绿石、铌铁矿、星叶石、
铌钙矿、榍石、褐钇铌矿、
褐帘石、硅钛铈铁矿、独居石、锆石钠长石化、萤石化
霓石化、碳酸盐化碱性
伟晶岩型印支期 会东
干沟会理群酸性
火山岩Nb、Ta、Zr、Y、LREE、U、Th 铌钽铁矿、硅铈铌钡矿、烧绿石
独居石、氟碳钙铈矿钾化、绢云母化
硅化、碳酸盐化火山岩型 晋宁期 
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表 2 攀西地区部分碱性正长岩和花岗岩岩石年龄统计
Table 2. Age data of major alkaline syenite or granite rocks in the Panxi region
地 点/矿床 样品号 岩 性 测试方法 年龄（Ma） 参考文献 太和 TH-14 A型花岗岩 锆石SHRIMP 261.4 ± 2.3 Xu Y G et al., 2008 茨达 CD-0401 花岗岩 锆石 SHRIMP 261 ± 4 Zhong H et al., 2007 GS04-143 花岗岩 锆石CA–TIMS 258.4 ± 0.6 Shellnutt et al., 2012 矮郎河 HG-1 过铝质花岗岩 锆石SHRIMP 255.2 ± 3.6 Xu Y G et al., 2008 ALH-0401 花岗岩 锆石SHRIMP 251 ± 6 Zhong H et al., 2007 ALH-0401 I型花岗岩 锆石LA-ICP-MS 256.8 ± 2.8 Zhong H et al., 2011 ALH-0702 I型花岗岩 锆石LA-ICP-MS 256.2 ± 3.0 Zhong H et al., 2011 窝水 GS05-067 花岗岩 锆石SHRIMP 260.5 ± 2.3 Shellnutt and Zhou M F, 2007 GS05-067 正长岩 锆石CA–TIMS 259.6 ± 0.5 Shellnutt et al., 2012 攀枝花 WB-0604 正长岩 锆石SHRIMP 253.1 ± 1.9 Zhong H et al., 2009 WB-0604 正长岩 锆石LA-ICP-MS 255.8 ± 1.8 Zhong H et al., 2011 EM-PZH11 正长岩 黑云母40Ar/39Ar 251.6 ± 1.6 Lo et al., 2002 EM-PZH01 正长岩 黑云母40Ar/39Ar 254.6 ± 1.3 Lo et al., 2002 白马 GS03-122 铁橄榄石正长岩 锆石SHRIMP 252 ± 2.5 Shellnutt and Zhou M F, 2008 G0S3-092 正长岩 锆石SHRIMP 259 ± 5 Shellnutt et al., 2009 GS04-016 正长岩 锆石SHRIMP 258 ± 4 Shellnutt et al., 2009 MY-6 正长岩 锆石SHRIMP 262 ± 2 Zhou M F et al., 2008 CD-0401 花岗岩 锆石LA-ICP-MS 256.2 ± 1.5 Zhong H et al., 2011 TJ-0401 正长岩 锆石LA-ICP-MS 257.8 ± 2.6 Zhong H et al., 2011 TJ-0602 正长岩 锆石LA-ICP-MS 258.5 ± 2.3 Zhong H et al., 2011 BM-1-9 铁质正长岩 锆石 LA-ICP-MS 259 ± 1.0 Zhang Z Z et al., 2021 BM-2-9 铁质正长岩 锆石 LA-ICP-MS 258.9 ± 1.0 Zhang Z Z et al., 2021 BM-3-5 花岗岩 锆石 LA-ICP-MS 258.7 ± 1.0 Zhang Z Z et al., 2021 黄草 HC-2 辉石正长岩 锆石SHRIMP 266.5 ± 5.1 Xu Y G et al., 2008 GS05-059 铁橄榄石正长岩 锆石CA–TIMS 258.9 ± 0.7 Shellnutt et al., 2012 猫猫沟 LQ-3 霞石正长岩 锆石SHRIMP 261.6 ± 4.4 Luo Z Y et al., 2007 EM-MMG05 正长岩 黑云母 40Ar/39Ar 252.0 ± 1.3 Lo et al., 2002 白草 BC2003 铌钽矿化正长岩 锆石 LA-ICP-MS 257 ± 0.8 Zeng Z Y and Liu Y, 2022 BC-3 铌钽矿化正长岩 锆石 LA-ICP-MS 257.8 ± 1.3 王汾连, 2014 BC2004 正长岩 榍石 LA-ICP-MS 256.7 ± 3.3 李素欣等, 2023 炉库 LK12-15 铌钽矿化正长岩 锆石 LA-ICP-MS 256.7 ± 4.4 王汾连, 2014 红格 HGZ-1-12 正长岩 锆石 SHRIMP 257.2 ± 1.5 李华芹等, 2017 大黑山 DHS-1 正长岩 锆石CA–TIMS 259.1 ± 0.5 Shellnutt et al., 2012 米易 MY-5 石英正长岩 锆石SHRIMP 259.8 ± 3.5 Xu Y G et al., 2008 季家湾 JJW 正长岩 锆石 LA-ICP-MS 259.8 ± 1.7 Zhang Z Z et al., 2019 横山 HS 石英正长岩 锆石LA-ICP-MS 260.1 ± 1.4 Zhang Z Z et al., 2019 猴子山 HZS2 角闪正长岩 锆石 LA-ICP-MS 260.2 ± 1.8 Zhang Z Z et al., 2020
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表 3 攀西地区主要正长岩和花岗岩同位素特征
Table 3. Isotopes geochemical data of major syenites and granites in the Panxi region
地点/矿床 岩性（含矿性） (86Sr/87Sr) i εNd(t) 锆石εHf(t) 锆石δ18O（‰） δ11B（‰） 文献来源 茨达 花岗岩 0.7023 ~0.7053 −0.25 ~ 0.24 Zhong H et al., 2007 矮郎河 花岗岩 0.7102 ~0.7111 −6.34 ~ −6.26 攀枝花 正长岩 0.7037 ~0.7058 2.37 ~ 3.45 Zhong H et al., 2009 正长岩 0.7045 ~0.7047 1.74 ~ 2.79 Lu P F and Liu P P, 2023 白马 正长岩 0.7039 ~0.7089 −5.9 ~ 3.7 Zhou M F et al., 2008 正长岩 0.7045 ~0.7063 2.24 ~ 2.96 5.7 ~ 11.0 4.1 ~ 4.9 Lu P F and Liu P P, 2023 花岗岩 0.7052 ~0.7097 −4.56 ~ −2.09 −4.0 ~ 1.7 4.8 ~ 7.4 正长岩 5.47 ~ 6.51 Zeng Z Y and Liu Y et al., 2022 红格 正长岩 0.7054 ~0.7058 0.14 ~ 0.92 3.6 ~ 8.6 4.6 ~ 5.4 Lu P F and Liu P P, 2023 白草 正长岩 0.7055 ~0.7090 −0.3 ~ 0.4 0.3 ~ 6.2 −10.96 ~ −10.01 王汾连, 2014 正长岩（无矿） 0.7044 ~0.7054 −0.2 ~ 0.7 −13.45 ~ −11.96 正长岩（含矿） 0.7049 ~0.7076 −0.2 ~ 0.0 −0.2 ~ 7.7 −17.95 ~ −14.54 正长岩 5.67 ~ 6.41 (岩浆锆石)
2.24 ~ 5.93 (热液锆石)Zeng Z Y and Liu Y et al., 2022 炉库 正长岩体 0.7032 ~0.7051 −0.2 ~ 0.3 1 ~ 6.6 −12.45 ~ −11.82 王汾连, 2014 正长岩（无矿） 0.7063 ~0.7064 −0.3 ~ −0.1 1.7 ~ 7.7 正长岩（含矿） 0.7055 ~0.7091 −0.1 ~ 0.2 0.1 ~ 9.5 −16.40 ~ −15.79 正长岩 5.37 ~ 6.35 Zeng Z Y and Liu Y et al., 2022 米易猴子山 角闪正长岩 0.7049 ~0.7050 2.4 ~ 2.5 8.9 ~ 11.0 张泽中, 2019 米易纪家湾 正长岩 0.7045 ~0.7046 2.0 ~ 2.2 6.0 ~ 10.3 米易横山 石英正长岩 0.7100 ~0.7103 −5.2 ~ −3.9 −5.4 ~ 1.3
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