Remote sensing evaluation of mine geological environment of Hainan Island in 2018 and ecological restoration countermeasures
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摘要: 海南岛矿产资源丰富且独具特色,矿产资源的开发促进了经济增长,但也引发了严重的生态环境问题,对海南岛矿山开采影响情况进行分析,针对性地提出矿山生态修复的建议,有利于海南岛生态环境的保护和治理。为此,采用海南岛2018年国产高空间分辨率遥感影像,通过影像预处理、建立解译标志、人机交互解译等获取矿山占损土地和恢复治理信息。以矿山占损土地和恢复治理信息作为输入,利用自然地理、基础地质、资源损毁、地质环境等4类13个评价因子建立矿山地质环境评价指标体系,基于层次分析法对矿山地质环境影响进行分析评价。结果表明: 严重影响区占海南省土地面积的0.22%,主要分布于沿海的文昌市、乐东黎族自治县、海口市秀英区、澄迈县、临高县、昌江黎族自治县等地,主要矿山地质环境问题为大型铁矿开采引发的采空塌陷、滑坡等次生地质灾害,滨海锆钛砂矿开采造成水土流失、生态系统退化; 较严重影响区占1.68%,主要分布于文昌市、儋州市、澄迈县、琼海市、临高县、海口市、东方市等地,矿山地质环境问题主要为中小型铁矿开采引起的滑坡等造成的土地损毁,以及矿山开发对原始地形地貌和自然生态环境造成的严重影响; 一般影响区占4.93%,主要分布于海南省的东部沿海、中部和北部经济较发达地区、西部金属矿产较丰富地区,主要矿山地质环境问题为建材类非金属矿山分布分散、小型矿山开采过程中对地表地貌及自然植被的破坏。根据不同矿山地质环境问题,研究提出对金属矿山要在消除地质灾害隐患、土壤改良和水环境治理的基础上,以自然恢复为主、人工修复为辅进行矿区生态修复; 锆钛砂矿以及建材类非金属矿,要注重恢复地表植被来防治水土流失,对于滨海沙化严重的矿区,可采取种植西瓜、花生等农作物进行土壤改良,再植以木麻黄、青梅等树木,逐步修复矿区生态系统。Abstract: The exploitation of rich and unique mineral resources in Hainan Island has promoted economic growth but has also caused serious ecological environment problems. Analyzing the impacts of mining in Hainan Island and proposing suggestions on ecological restoration facilitate the protection and management of the ecological environment in Hainan Island. To this end, this study obtained the information on land destruction and ecological restoration of mines in Hainan Island using 2018 remote sensing images with high spatial resolution through image preprocessing, establishing interpretation indicators, and man-machine interactive interpretation. Specifically, with the information on land destruction and ecological restoration of mines as input, the assessment indicator system for mine geological environment was established based on 13 assessment factors of four categories, namely physical geography, basic geology, resource damage, and geological environment. Then, this study analyzed and assessed the effects of the geological environment of mines based on the analytic hierarchy process, obtaining the following results. The severely affected areas account for 0.22% of the total land area of Hainan Province and are mainly distributed in Wenchang City, Ledong Li Autonomous County, Xiuying District of Haikou City, Chengmai County, Lin’gao County, and Changjiang Li Autonomous County. The mine geological environment problems in these areas mainly include secondary geological disasters such as mining collapse of goaves and landslides caused by the mining of large-scale iron ore mines, as well as soil erosion and ecosystem degradation caused by the mining of coastal zirconium-titanium placers. The moderately severely affected areas account for 1.68% of the total land area of Hainan Province and are mainly distributed in Wenchang City, Danzhou City, Chengmai County, Qionghai City, Lin’gao County, Haikou City, and Dongfang City. The mine geological environment problems mainly include land damage caused by landslides induced by the mining of small- and medium-sized iron ore mines, as well as severe impacts on original terrain and landforms and the natural ecological environment caused by mining. The generally affected areas account for 4.93% of the total land area of Hainan Province and are mainly distributed in the coastal areas in the eastern part, the economically developed areas in the middle and northern parts, and the area with rich metallic minerals in the western part in Hainan Province. The mine geological environment problems in these areas mainly include the destruction of the surface landforms and natural vegetation caused by the mining of the scattered small nonmetal mines of building materials. This study proposed ecological restoration countermeasures targeting the different geological environment problems. For metal mines, it is suggested to primarily restore the ecosystem by natural restoration methods, supplemented by artificial restoration methods based on the elimination of geological hazards, soil improvement, and water environment management. For zirconium-titanium placers and nonmetal mines of building materials, it is recommended to restore vegetation to prevent water and soil erosion. For the coastal mine areas with severe desertification, it is recommended to gradually restore the ecosystem of the mining areas by growing crops such as watermelons and peanuts to improve soil and planting trees such as casuarina and Vatican hainanensis.
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Key words:
- Hainan Island /
- remote sensing /
- geological environment of mines /
- ecological restoration
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