广东三个离子吸附型稀土矿的地球化学特征及开采现状

黄华谷; 黄铁兰; 周兆帅; 屈文俊

广东三个离子吸附型稀土矿的地球化学特征及开采现状

1.
广东省地质调查院, 广东广州 510080

2.
国家地质实验测试中心, 北京 100037

基金项目: 中国地质大调查项目—“广东三稀资源现状和潜力分析”资助（1212011220816）

详细信息

作者简介: 黄华谷, 博士, 工程师, 主要从事矿产资源勘查工作. E-mail: huanghg0203@163.com

中图分类号: P618.7

收稿日期: 2014-04-30

修回日期: 2014-05-19

录用日期: 2014-07-10

刊出日期: 2014-05-25

Mining Situation and Geochemistry Characteristics of Three Ion Adsorption Rare-Earth Deposit in Guangdong Province

1.
Guangdong Geologic Survey Institute, Guangzhou 510080, China

2.
National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China

Received Date: 30 April 2014

Revised Date: 19 May 2014

Accepted Date: 10 July 2014

Publish Date: 25 May 2014

摘要

摘要:
广东稀土资源丰富，资源种类较全，但真正具有工业意义只有离子吸附型稀土矿。已有调查表明广东富有重稀土资源，重稀土资源量约占离子吸附型稀土资源总量的1/3。广东现仅有采矿权企业三家（简称A、B、C矿区），2013年度开采指标REO（稀土氧化物含量）仅为2200吨，但广东省离子型稀土年分离能力超万吨，供需矛盾突出。为了解广东稀土矿开采现状，本文在具备采矿证的A、B和C三个矿区采集风化壳剖面和尾砂样品，利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）分析稀土元素、微量元素和相关有用元素的含量，获得了一批新数据，研究矿区的地球化学特征和资源潜力。数据分析表明：① 广东稀土资源非常丰富，实际资源量与现有报告评估的资源量有着极大的差别，相差两个数量级。② 三个稀土矿的风化壳原矿的轻稀土/重稀土的比值为1.8~6.6，说明三个稀土矿均为轻稀土矿；只开采轻稀土矿，与市场需求和广东富有重稀土资源的情况都不相符，年稀土开采指标与年冶炼分离能力也存在极大缺口，无论资源类型和数量都无法满足经济对稀土资源的巨大需求，建议考虑适当增加稀土矿证和开采指标。③ A矿区和C矿区的腐植层和半风化层稀土含量都不高，成矿部位在全风化层，成矿模式为浅伏式；B矿区的腐植层和全风化层稀土含量高（最高超过0.3%），为成矿部位，成矿模式为表露式。④ 风化壳采矿位置尚需根据市场情况调整，减少矿体的漏采，尾砂稀土资源有待回收利用。⑤ 风化壳和尾砂样品微量元素含量相对陆壳丰度，多数元素富集倍数低于10，部分元素甚至出现亏损，没有回收利用价值。
- 广东 /
- 离子吸附型稀土矿 /
- 地球化学 /
- 开采现状
Abstract:
Guangdong has abundant kinds of rare earth element resources. The resource which could satisfy the industry exploitation is only the ion adsorption type of rare earth ores. According to previous survey, Guangdong possesses heavy rare earth element resource, which is about 1/3 of total ion adsorption type ore resource. Recently, there are only three companies owning mining rights (referred to as A, B, C mine quarry, respectively). Mining quota of REO (rare earth oxides) for 2013 was only 2200 tons, while Annual ionic rare earth separation capacity was more than 10000 tons. The contradiction between supply and demand is outstanding. In order to reveal the exploitation situation of the rare-earth ores in Guangdong, we collected samples from weathering crust profiles and tailings of A, B and C mining areas. Additionally, in order to study the geochemical characteristics and their resource potential, we analyzed the rare earth elements, trace elements and associated elements by ICP-MS. Our results show that: (1) Guangdong has quite rich resource in rare earth ore, and the resource we calculated is two more orders of magnitude than previous official calculation. (2) The LREEs/HREEs ratios from three weathering crust of rare earth ore areas all ranges from 1.8 to 6.6, implying these three ores are enriched in LREEs, rather than HREEs. However, only mining the LREE ore is incompatible with market demand and the enrichment of heavy rare earth resources in Guangdong. Furthermore, there is a great gap between the rare earth mining quota and smelting separation ability. Therefore, we suggest to raise more mining right licenses and quota for mining rare earth ore properly. (3) The rare earth content of the humus layer and semi-weathered layer was not high in A and C mining areas, which is surface magnetic type metallogenic model and mineralization zone was located in weathered layer. In contrast, the rare earth content of humic layer and completely weathered layer was high (more than 0.3%) in B mining area, which is shallow type metallogenic model. (4) We need to adjust the mining area of weathering crusts according to market demand to reduce the mining leakage and recycle tailings of rare earth resources. (5) The enrichment factors of trace element content in weathering crusts and tailings are less than 10, compared with continental crust abundance, even some elements are depleted. Accordingly, we suggest it is not useful for recycling the trace elements from weathering crusts and tailings.
- Guangdong /
- ion adsorption rare-earth deposit /
- geochemistry /
- exploitation present situation

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图 1 矿区堆浸池和风化壳剖面

Figure 1.

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图 2 A、B和C三矿区离子吸附型稀土矿风化壳和尾砂样品的稀土配分曲线

Figure 2.

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表 1 A、B和C三矿区离子吸附型稀土矿风化壳和尾砂样品采样位置

Table 1. The sampling locations of weathering crust and tailings from A, B and C ion adsorption type rare earth mines

样品编号	采样位置	样品编号	采样位置
A-1f	风化壳腐植层	B-4f	风化壳半风化层
A-2f	风化壳腐植层	B-1s	尾砂库底部
A-3f	风化壳半风化层	B-2s	浸取池的尾砂
A-4f	风化壳半风化层	C-1f	风化壳腐植层
A-5f	风化壳腐植层	C-2f	风化壳半风化层
A-1s	尾砂库	C-3f	风化壳腐植层
A-2s	尾砂库	C-1s	尾砂库斜坡底部
A-3s	尾砂库	C-2s	尾砂库斜坡中部
B-1f	风化壳腐植层	C-3s	尾砂库斜坡上部
B-2f	风化壳全风化层	C-4s	尾砂库斜坡顶部
B-3f	风化壳全风化层	C-5s	尾砂库斜坡顶部

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表 2 A、B和C三矿区离子吸附型稀土矿风化壳原矿和尾砂稀土元素含量

Table 2. REEs content of weathering crust and tailings from the A, B and C ion adsorption type rare earth mine in Guangdong Province

样品编号	稀土元素含量(μg/g)																R/H	δEu	δCe
样品编号	La	Ce	Pr	Nd	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu	Y	∑REO	R/H	δEu	δCe
A-1f	90.9	101	19.3	70.3	16.3	2.5	17.6	2.9	15.9	3.1	10.1	1.5	11.0	1.7	75.2	∑REO	526	2.1	0.3	0.5
A-2f	59.2	151	15.6	58.5	11.6	1.5	8.2	1.3	7.4	1.4	5.0	0.7	5.6	0.9	34.9	437	4.5	0.3	0.9
A-3f	174	168	38.7	135	26.0	3.0	26.4	4.5	27.8	5.5	16.7	2.2	13.8	2.2	168	975	2.0	0.4	0.5
A-4f	134	238	26.8	94.0	17.2	1.7	15.4	2.5	13.5	2.7	8.4	1.1	8.2	1.2	72.6	767	4.0	0.4	1.1
A-5f	33.8	228	6.6	22.5	4.1	0.6	4.0	0.7	4.6	1.0	3.0	0.5	3.2	0.5	23.8	409	7.1	0.4	3.4
A-1s	195	199	38.2	133	28.8	4.2	33.3	5.2	28.8	5.5	16.6	2.4	15.8	2.3	125	998	2.5	0.3	0.9
A-2s	267	287	57.1	202	33.1	4.1	24.1	3.5	16.4	3.1	9.5	1.2	7.7	1.1	74.3	1184	5.9	0.3	0.2
A-3s	182	145	45	161	24.9	3.0	14.0	2.1	9.0	1.6	5.1	0.6	4.6	0.7	31.9	750	8.0	0.5	11.1
B-1f	793	102	151	559	114	16.0	101	15.0	86.6	16.3	48.2	6.0	40.5	5.9	535	3085	4.8	0.4	2.1
B-2f	1034	122	189	692	138	19.2	128	19.3	109	21.5	62.8	8.2	54.9	8.1	739	3992	6.6	0.5	0.2
B-3f	291	111	68.8	261	44.6	6.3	32.6	4.1	23.4	4.5	13.8	1.8	12.4	1.8	119	1184	1.8	0.4	0.1
B-4f	65.2	272	13.1	43.9	8.1	1.0	5.7	0.8	4.6	0.8	2.8	0.4	3.1	0.4	18.0	533	1.9	0.4	0.1
B-1s	202	111	50.4	192	28.3	3.5	18.3	2.5	13.8	2.7	8.9	1.2	8.2	1.3	63.3	840	11.0	0.4	0.3
B-2s	72.6	90.1	13.2	39.9	5.9	0.8	3.5	0.6	3.6	0.8	2.7	0.4	3.0	0.5	18.1	307	3.6	0.5	0.6
C-1f	12.9	562	2.5	7.4	1.3	0.2	2.1	0.4	2.5	0.6	2.3	0.4	2.4	0.4	15.4	751	22.2	0.4	22
C-2f	13.3	370	2.0	7.0	1.1	0.2	0.8	0.3	2.1	0.5	1.7	0.2	1.4	0.2	10.8	504	21.9	0.5	15
C-3f	290	307	52.0	184	33.7	2.9	28.6	4.9	24.6	4.3	12.1	1.4	8.7	1.3	126	892	4.2	0.3	0.5
C-1s	169	339	40.3	146	24.0	2.0	16.8	2.5	14.1	2.7	8.2	1.0	7.2	1.6	65.1	1008	6.0	0.5	11
C-2s	929	285	178	611	102	8.4	83.9	10.4	54.4	9.4	26.8	3.0	19.0	2.7	236	3035	4.6	0.3	0.9
C-3s	21.1	437	3.4	11.7	2.0	0.3	1.6	0.4	2.5	0.6	1.9	0.3	1.7	0.3	13.4	609	21.3	0.3	0.2
C-4s	270	191	65.4	226	47.1	3.5	39.9	6.5	38.1	6.8	21.1	3.1	22.7	3.3	135	1286	2.9	0.2	0.3
C-5s	124	126	24.1	82.4	16.1	1.2	18.9	2.9	18.5	3.8	11.1	1.5	10.3	1.6	109	662	2.1	0.2	0.5
注：∑REO为稀土氧化物总量，f代表风化壳样品，s代表尾砂样品，R/H为轻稀土氧化物与重稀土氧化物的比值。δCe为Ce/Ce，Ce_N/(La_N+Nd_N)，δEu为Eu /Eu^，Eu_N/(Sm_N+Gd_N)；N为对球粒陨石标准化^[13]。

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表 3 A、B和C三矿区离子吸附型稀土矿风化壳和尾砂微量元素含量

Table 3. Trace elements content of weathering crust and tailings from A, B and C ion adsorption type rare earth mines in Guangdong Province

样品编号	微量元素含量(μg/g)
样品编号	Li	Be	Ti	V	Cr	Mn	Co	Ni	Cu	Zn	Ga
A-1f	24.9	3.9	3934	40.0	17.1	655	5.7	7.5	25.7	125	33.3
A-2f	21.6	3.4	4120	40.5	10.2	494	6.1	6.2	14.4	78.1	31.6
A-3f	33.0	6.4	2801	33.1	4.4	469	3.9	3.0	8.3	67.2	37.3
A-4f	26.3	13.6	5436	41.4	4.2	1476	5.8	2.4	16.6	105	39.2
A-5f	3.6	1.8	1646	24.1	4.5	185	4.5	4.8	8.2	45.3	27.7
A-1s	2.6	5.9	3285	35.2	7.5	1013	14.1	5.7	8.4	94.8	39.1
A-2s	8.0	3.4	2352	28.1	5.9	808	13.1	5.6	6.3	102	39.8
A-3s	6.8	3.0	2692	31.0	3.5	737	9.3	4.5	5.5	72.9	33.5
B-1f	88.2	5.6	1851	117	5.6	136	19.2	4.6	13.1	46.9	45.6
B-2f	48.9	5.4	4365	93.2	5.9	358	37.9	5.4	13.4	47.6	51.3
B-3f	70.5	6.2	1762	56.2	5.2	519	6.9	2.8	11.2	36.8	42.9
B-4f	14.1	2.1	7048	129	14.9	347	15.0	17.6	16.8	85.4	31.6
B-1s	41.6	4.2	3890	69.4	6.2	306	9.6	2.7	9.3	38.4	35.8
B-2s	44.7	4.6	4472	83.5	4.3	565	18.1	2.6	14.3	54.4	34.1
C-1f	31.6	1.7	5382	39.0	25.2	100	1.4	10.3	6.2	115	50.8
C-2f	16.7	1.9	2600	4.5	7.4	114	3.2	12.7	4.7	47.5	26.6
C-3f	20.9	3.3	8.7	2898	12.5	4.0	359	3.5	2.5	5.0	78.9
C-1s	41.1	2.6	2942	7.1	6.0	764	2.1	3.5	5.8	63.9	30.5
C-2s	36.1	2.9	2486	5.4	1.2	963	3.4	2.4	4.8	56.7	40.4
C-3s	11.2	2.1	4243	5.6	1.5	368	3.0	3.3	5.4	84.7	30.2
C-4s	110	3.6	6.9	1127	5.9	3.3	472	1.8	2.0	4.4	59.5
C-5s	122	3.3	6.6	1170	5.3	2.3	448	3.9	2.0	4.7	59.0
样品编号	微量元素含量(μg/g)
样品编号	Ge	As	Rb	Sr	Zr	Nb	Mo	Cd	In	Sn	Sb
A-1f	4.6	< 0.05	359	33.7	901	39.3	3.1	0.3	0.2	12.6	0.2
A-2f	4.1	0.8	275	27.2	649	40.7	1.9	0.2	0.1	11.8	0.2
A-3f	2.5	1.4	253	15.7	471	35.8	1.2	0.1	0.1	11.2	0.2
A-4f	5.0	0.5	260	61.8	686	53.0	6.7	1.1	0.2	22.2	0.1
A-5f	2.9	0.3	72	6.5	208	25.4	0.6	0.0	0.1	6.1	-
A-1s	3.1	-	278	16.0	379	33.8	1.3	0.2	0.1	9.7	0.1
A-2s	3.7	0.6	225	21.0	353	29.5	1.2	0.1	0.1	8.2	0.1
A-3s	3.1	0.8	152	12.6	249	26.7	0.9	0.1	0.1	7.7	0.1
B-1f	11.9	-	392	33.1	145	15.4	1.2	0.0	0.1	12.0	0.7
B-2f	15.7	-	251	23.4	259	27.5	2.3	0.1	0.1	28.6	0.1
B-3f	8.3	2.1	312	26.4	186	15.4	6.8	0.1	0.1	13.3	0.1
B-4f	4.9	9.2	107	13.1	562	34.5	2.6	0.0	0.1	27.4	0.2
B-1s	6.1	10.4	161	9.0	302	24.6	2.1	0.1	0.1	25.4	-
B-2s	3.5	36.0	233	22.2	386	26.9	1.0	0.2	0.2	28.3	-
C-1f	2.4	9.5	15.5	5.8	876	52.9	3.6	0.1	0.2	6.2	0.5
C-2f	1.9	4.1	25.6	3.0	739	52.4	1.8	0.1	0.1	4.4	0.2
C-3f	38.3	2.5	1.1	318	2.5	42.5	1.7	0.1	0.1	4.3	0.2
C-1s	2.1	2.3	209	11.1	588	56.4	3.5	0.2	0.1	5.8	0.1
C-2s	5.2	2.5	157	9.3	651	49.0	3.0	0.3	0.1	5.0	0.2
C-3s	1.9	1.5	44.9	1.7	752	75.9	2.7	0.1	0.1	6.0	0.1
C-4s	30.2	2.7	1.3	196	2.7	46.7	1.3	0.1	0.1	5.8	0.3
C-5s	26.7	1.9	1.2	1778	1.9	48.1	1.4	0.2	0.1	5.2	0.1
样品编号	微量元素含量(μg/g)
样品编号	Cs	Ba	Hf	Ta	W	Tl	Pb	Bi	Th	U
A-1f	12.6	314	25.8	5.3	5.1	2.3	47.9	2.5	62.1	17.0
A-2f	12.3	209	20.3	4.9	12.2	1.9	59.9	1.7	57.9	12.1
A-3f	6.9	261	15.5	4.8	7.7	1.3	27.6	0.5	49.0	6.9
A-4f	5.2	333	21.2	7.2	8.3	1.6	31.3	2.1	78.3	15.4
A-5f	4.4	45	8.0	2.3	1.4	0.8	88.7	0.4	44.8	8.2
A-1s	18.1	255	11.7	5.3	3.3	1.9	76.5	1.3	52.8	25.1
A-2s	11.0	348	11.1	5.0	5.0	2.1	134	1.1	54.8	12.5
A-3s	10.6	148	8.1	3.3	3.1	1.8	123	0.7	32.9	12.8
B-1f	19.5	517	5.7	2.3	16.6	3.1	119	0.6	44.3	10.7
B-2f	31.2	233	10.2	4.2	6.2	2.4	174	0.4	61.9	16.9
B-3f	21.8	252	7.2	3.0	12.6	2.0	215	0.6	104	8.6
B-4f	11.3	83	17.9	4.7	9.5	1.3	166	1.0	80.3	22.7
B-1s	16.6	60	10.6	3.8	7.2	1.4	151	0.3	82.3	10.4
B-2s	19.5	311	13.3	3.6	15.8	1.9	81	1.0	62.5	12.2
C-1f	2.7	23.2	19.8	4.4	5.1	0.4	26.9	0.4	60.5	5.1
C-2f	1.7	16.3	22.9	5.3	4.6	0.2	363	0.2	57.1	5.2
C-3f	12.1	124	18.0	3.7	3.2	1.3	60.6	0.1	46.2	3.3
C-1s	3.6	201	16.9	5.0	3.7	1.5	86.8	0.1	64.3	4.1
C-2s	3.3	150	19.3	4.2	3.1	1.5	133	0.1	63.4	3.8
C-3s	2.3	19.5	22.4	6.7	4.8	0.4	93.2	0.1	46.3	5.0
C-4s	5.3	56.4	8.6	4.3	2.1	1.1	62.8	0.6	68.4	5.1
C-5s	5.2	40.4	9.1	4.3	1.9	0.8	86.9	0.4	57.1	5.2
注：“-”代表该值低于检测下限。

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广东三个离子吸附型稀土矿的地球化学特征及开采现状

1. 广东省地质调查院, 广东广州 510080 2. 国家地质实验测试中心, 北京 100037

作者简介: 黄华谷, 博士, 工程师, 主要从事矿产资源勘查工作. E-mail: huanghg0203@163.com

Mining Situation and Geochemistry Characteristics of Three Ion Adsorption Rare-Earth Deposit in Guangdong Province

1. Guangdong Geologic Survey Institute, Guangzhou 510080, China 2. National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China

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1.
广东省地质调查院, 广东广州 510080

2.
国家地质实验测试中心, 北京 100037

1.
Guangdong Geologic Survey Institute, Guangzhou 510080, China

2.
National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China