Spatial distribution characteristics of hydrochemistry in contaminated sites based on groundwater stratification technology: A case study of a landfill in Hubei Province
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摘要:
研究目的 垃圾填埋场渗滤液渗漏对周边土壤和地下水造成持久性环境污染，而对地下水污染羽空间分布的刻画表征是场地污染调查与修复的关键。
研究方法 以湖北某垃圾填埋场为研究对象，基于地下水U型管分层采样监测技术实施一孔六层地下水分层监测（−6 m、−8 m、−10 m、−12 m、−16 m、−20 m），结合场地水文地质调查及14个地下水样水质数据，研究地下水化学组分沿地层深度的空间分布特征。
研究结果 地下水中TDS、COD（Mn）、Mg2+、HCO3–、Cl–等主要离子浓度随垂向地层深度线性减小，表明地表入渗及人为活动污染是垃圾填埋场浅层地下水化学组分的主控影响因素；NH4+、NO3–、NO2–、Mn、Ni等部分离子浓度随垂向地层深度线性增大，反映自然地质条件及水岩相互作用下地下水化学场的空间特征。相关系数矩阵分析显示，地下水分层监测井水化学组分随地层深度加大，与常规地下水监测井的相关性系数由0.984减小至0.566，表征了地下水化学组分的空间分层分布特征。
结论 地下水分层采样监测技术刻画了地下水化学组分沿地层垂向深度的空间分布特征，一定程度区分揭示自然地质成因与人为活动污染的影响，进而识别刻画地下水污染羽的空间分布，精准指导场地尺度地下水污染修复与风险管控。
Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrological survey engineering.
Objective The leakage of leachate from a landfill can cause severe groundwater contaminations. Characterization the spatial distribution of the landfill−derived contamination plume is crucial for site remediation and pollution investigation.
Methods In this paper, a typical case of groundwater pollution investigation at a landfill in Hubei is combined with the implementation of a six−layer groundwater multilevel sampling well (−6 m, −8 m, −10 m, −12 m, −16 m, −20 m), and 14 sets of groundwater chemical samples as well as other hydrogeological survey data to reveal the hydrogeochemical spatial distribution of the contaminated groundwater.
Results The concentrations of most ions in groundwater such as TDS, COD (Mn), Mg2+, HCO3– and Cl– decrease linearly with increasing vertical depth, thus indicating that surface rainfall infiltration and anthropogenic pollution are the controlling influences on the shallow groundwater. The concentration of NH4+, NO3–, NO2–, Mn, Ni and other ions increases linearly with increasing vertical depth, reflecting groundwater chemical field under the control of natural geological condition and water−rock interaction. In addition, the correlation coefficient matrix analysis characterizes the stratified distribution of groundwater chemical components, the correlation coefficient between the groundwater sample from the U−tube groundwater multilevel sampling well and other conventional shallow boreholes decrease from 0.984 to 0.566.
Conclusions The novel groundwater multilevel sampling technology has the ability, to characterize the hydrogeochemical spatial distribution of groundwater along the vertical depth of the geological layers, to differentiate and reveal the impacts of natural geological factors and human−made pollution, thus to identify the spatial distribution of groundwater plumes. In a word, the groundwater multilevel sampling technology could provide quantities’ data and accurate guidance for site−scale groundwater pollution remediation and risk management.
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表 1 生活垃圾填场周边出露地层
Table 1. Stratigraphic and lithologic around landfill site
系 统 层组 岩性描述 第四系 全新统 冲积、湖积、湖积冲积；细砂、淤泥、亚砂土、亚黏土及淤泥质黏土。下部为砂砾石 上更新统 冲积、冲积洪积相形成的黄褐黏土、亚黏土及砾石层为主。上部亚黏土、黏土偶夹泥炭层，含铁锰质结合，广泛含有姜结石。较致密，局部具垂向裂隙，由于淋滤作用裂隙面多形成黑褐色铁锰质薄膜，在开挖切坡处沿裂隙冲刷形成高低相间沟槽；下部砂砾或黏土砾石层，具冲积相的二元结构 中更新统 冲积、湖积冲积、冲积洪积相形成的红色黏土及砾石层。
上部为棕红色—砖红色黏土，成分以红色黏土矿物为主，由于淋滤作用表层颜色一般退变为棕红—棕黄色，局部具网纹状构造，成分以水云母、蒙脱石、高岭土等黏土矿物为主，顶部可见少量铁锰质结合。土体结构致密，透水性差，富水性差。
下部以砾石层为主，层间红色砂土夹白色网纹状黏土，固结程度一般，砾石多为石英、长石等，分选中等，砾径3~10 cm，呈次圆状。该层在空间分布呈现自北向南渐薄的特征白垩系—古近系 下古近统 公安寨组 上部为灰绿色泥岩、紫红色砂质泥岩、粉砂岩互层，局部含灰白色长石砂岩、含砾砂岩、薄层石膏。
中部为紫红色、砖红色中—厚层粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩，偶夹灰白色钙质砂岩，夹多层玄武岩，玄武岩与红层间形成平行不整合接触，为多起喷发与红层同期沉积产物。
底部为暗红色砾岩、细砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、黄绿色黏土岩层成两个旋回，底部均为砾岩
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表 2 研究区地下水主要化学指标统计
Table 2. Statistics of groundwater chemistry from the Anlu landfill site
测量指标 地下水一孔六层分层监测井 常规监测井 第一层
（−6 m）第三层
（−10 m）第五层
（−16 m）六层
平均数超标倍数 最大值 最小值 平均数 超标倍数 分层监测井/常规监测井
平均数比值pH 7.30 7.17 7.17 7.19 − 8.44 7.3 7.92 − 90.78% COD(Mn) 8.09 7.47 5.35 7.09 0.439~0.577 3.33 0.74 1.52 0.099 466.45% 可溶性总固体 1730 1650 1570 1632 0.359~0.387 1070 258 450 0.065 362.67% K+ 3.26 3.04 2.72 3.00 − 7.47 1.04 3.96 − 75.76% Na+ 284 272 220 258 0.091~0.225 66.23 17.4 34.3 − 752.19% Ca2+ 201 190 200 193 − 184 16.1 58.7 − 328.79% Mg2+ 112 104 103 104 − 110 8.98 32.8 − 317.07% NH4+ 0.032 0.064 0.098 0.080 − − − − − − Cl– 510 472 490 485 0.453~0.484 324 8.56 69.5 0.228 697.84% SO42– 123 132 121 128 − 88 16.6 46.6 − 274.68% CO32– <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 − − − − − − − HCO3– 930 880 747 841 − 479 154 225 − 373.78% NO3– 0.094 3.04 17.5 6.67 − 67.7 0.27 34.6 0.425-0.705 19.28% NO2– 0.013 0.039 0.072 0.055 − 3.72 0.002 7.92 − 0.69% Mn 1560 2980 4200 3380 0.936~0.97 − − − 0.099 − Sr 3800 2830 1930 2587 − 1980 319 682 0.065 379.32% Ba 506 394 292 367 − 174 38.8 71.0 − 515.90% 注：除pH无单位，Mn、Sr、Ba单位为μg/L，其余均为mg/L。
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表 3 研究区各地下水样品相关性矩阵
Table 3. Correlation coefficient matrix of groundwater chemistry from the Anlu landfill site
ALW1 ALW2 ALW3 ALW4 ALW5 ALW6 ALMJ1 ALJC2 ALJC3 ALMJ4 ALJC5 ZKW03 ZKW04 ZKW06 ALW1 1 ALW2 0.972 1 ALW3 0.904 0.978 1 ALW4 0.797 0.916 0.978 1 ALW5 0.699 0.846 0.938 0.989 1 ALW6 0.566 0.741 0.864 0.948 0.984 1 ALMJ1 0.823 0.745 0.620 0.482 0.366 0.211 1 ALJC2 0.876 0.790 0.661 0.512 0.389 0.230 0.962 1 ALJC3 0.895 0.801 0.668 0.513 0.387 0.225 0.970 0.987 1 ALMJ4 0.874 0.786 0.653 0.506 0.383 0.219 0.980 0.969 0.981 1 ALJC5 0.918 0.814 0.677 0.518 0.389 0.221 0.925 0.951 0.974 0.974 1 ZKW03 0.864 0.778 0.648 0.503 0.382 0.220 0.988 0.969 0.980 0.996 0.962 1 ZKW04 0.870 0.781 0.650 0.503 0.380 0.219 0.987 0.971 0.988 0.993 0.963 0.997 1 ZKW06 0.923 0.814 0.679 0.516 0.385 0.221 0.913 0.955 0.980 0.954 0.988 0.948 0.957 1
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